Turing's Cathedral

by George Dyson

  Harvard Computation Laboratory, 5.1, 5.2

  Harvard Mark I (tape-controlled electronic calculator)

  Harvard University, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 11.1

  Haurwitz, Bernhard

  Hawkins, David and Frances

  Hawthorne, Nathaniel

  Hazeltine Electronics

  H-bomb, see hydrogen bomb

  Heath Robinson (cryptanalytic machine)

  Heisenberg, Werner

  Hilbert, David (1862–1943), 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 13.1, 13.2, 18.1

  and completeness of mathematics

  and continuum hypothesis

  and Gödel

  Hilbert program (of formalization), 6.1, 13.1, 13.2

  Hippo (weapons design code)

  Hiroshima, atomic bombing of (August 6, 1945), 4.1, 7.1, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2

  Hitler, Adolf, 6.1, 10.1, 11.1, 13.1

  Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679), 1.1, 6.1

  Holmboe, Jørgen

  Holzman, Ben

  Honeywell, Inc., 5.1, 5.2, 7.1

  Honeywell Inc. v. Sperry Rand Corp. (patent dispute), 5.1, 5.2, 7.1, 18.1

  Hoover, J. Edgar, 5.1, 11.1, 18.1

  Horizon (Scripps Institution of Oceanography)

  horizontal gene transfer, 12.1, 12.2

  Hornor, John

  Horthy, Miklós, 4.1, 10.1

  Hotelling, Harold

  Huber-Dyson, Verena (née Haefeli)

  Hudson, Henry, 2.1, 3.1

  human computers, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 9.1

  Hungarians, as Martians, 4.1, 15.1, 15.2

  Hungary, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 10.1

  Hurd, Cuthbert, on von Neumann, 4.1, 4.2

  Huxley, Aldous (1894–1963), 15.1, 15.2

  Huxley, Julian (1887–1975)

  Huxley, Thomas (1825–1895)

  Huygens, Christiaan

  hydrodynamics (weapons design) codes, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 12.1

  hydrogen bomb (H-bomb, Super), 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 13.1, 15.1, 16.1, 18.1

  and ENIAC, 5.1, 9.1, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4

  and IAS computer, prf.1, 1.1, 7.1, 9.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 16.1

  opposition to, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 18.1

  “The Hypothesis of the Symbiosis of Genes” (Barricelli, 1947)

  IAS computer (MANIAC), 1.1, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1, 15.1, 16.1, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3

  arithmetic, precision of

  construction of, 7.1, 8.1

  cooling of, 8.1, 9.1, 16.1

  decommissioning of, 14.1, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2

  design of, determined by war-surplus parts

  duplication of, 1.1, 8.1, 15.1

  funding of, prf.1, ack.1, 1.1, 5.1, 7.1, 14.1

  graphical display

  high-speed wire drive

  and hydrogen bomb, prf.1, 1.1, 7.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 16.1

  initial testing of, 8.1, 11.1

  input/output, 8.1, 18.1

  logical and physical architecture of, 1.1, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

  malfunctions of, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 16.1

  name, origins of, 1.1, 5.1, 18.1

  power supply (and consumption), 8.1, 8.2, 14.1

  reliability of, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 11.1, 12.1

  speed (and asynchronous arithmetic) of

  as Universal Turing Machine, 1.1, 8.1

  see also ECP; Williams (memory) tubes

  IBM (International Business Machines), 4.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3

  and ENIAC, 5.1, 5.2, 10.1, 10.2

  and IAS

  and Los Alamos, 4.1, 5.1, 18.1

  and Sperry Rand

  and von Neumann, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1, 9.1, 14.1, 18.1

  IBM 701 (Defense Calculator), 8.1, 9.1, 14.1, 15.1, 18.1, 18.2

  IBM 704

  IBM 7044

  IBM 7094, 12.1, 18.1

  I Ching (and Leibniz)

  iconoscope, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1

  Identification Friend or Foe (IFF), 7.1, 8.1

  ILLIAC (Illinois Automatic Computer)

  Illinois, University of, 9.1, 9.2, 12.1, 12.2, 15.1, 15.2

  implosion (for nuclear weapons), 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 15.1

  incompleteness and undecidability, 4.1, 6.1, 10.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3

  see also Entscheidungsproblem; Gödel, Kurt

  inefficiency, of computers

  infinity, 6.1, 11.1, 13.1, 16.1

  information bit, as fundamental unit of

  theory of

  ingenuity

  and intuition, 6.1, 13.1, 13.2

  input/output, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2

  Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), prf.1, ack.1, ack.2, 1.1

  beginnings of, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2

  buildings and grounds, 3.1, 6.1

  classes of membership at, 1.1, 3.1

  computing facilities, present-day

  housing project, 6.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 14.1

  as “intellectual hotel”, 3.1, 5.1

  and Olden Farm, 2.1, 2.2

  as refuge for displaced scholars, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 6.1

  School of Economics and Politics, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1

  School of Historical Studies

  School of Humanistic Studies

  School of Mathematics, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 6.1, 14.1, 18.1, 18.2

  School of Natural Sciences, 3.1, 18.1

  see also ECP; Fuld Hall (IAS); Institute Woods; tea (at IAS)

  Institute for Numerical Analysis (Los Angeles), 10.1, 14.1

  Institute Woods, ack.1, 3.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 10.1, 18.1

  integrated circuits, 5.1, 8.1, 13.1, 17.1

  Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM), 1.1, 11.1, 18.1

  “Interim Progress Report on the Physical Realization of an Electronic Computing Instrument” (Bigelow, Pomerene, Slutz, and Ware, 1947)

  International Business Machines; see IBM

  Internet, prf.1, 1.1, 8.1, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 14.1, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1, 18.2

  interstellar communication

  intuition, ack.1, 4.1, 6.1, 11.1, 16.1

  and ingenuity, 6.1, 13.1, 13.2

  iPhone, 12.1, 17.1

  Ivar’s Acres of Clams (Seattle)

  Ivy Mike (hydrogen bomb test, 1952), 1.1, 11.1, 11.2, 18.1

  James II (Duke of York, 1633–1701)

  Joe-1 (“First Lightning”) Soviet nuclear test (1949)

  Johannesson, Olof (pseudonym of Hannes Alfvén), 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4

  JOHNNIAC (RAND), 8.1, 8.2, 15.1, 18.1

  Jones, Thomas Davies

  JOSS (JOHNNIAC Open-Shop System)

  Kahn, Herman

  Kakutani, Shizuo

  Kann, Jacob

  Kann, Margaret (Gitta von Neumann, 1880–1956)

  Kaysen, Carl

  Kilburn, Tom, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

  King’s College (Cambridge), 6.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4

  Kolmogorov, Andrey

  Kovesi, Mariette (1909–1992), 4.1, 4.2, 10.1, 10.2

  Kun, Béla, 4.1, 4.2, 10.1

  Kuper, J. B. (Desmond) Horner (1909–1992), 10.1, 10.2

  Kürschák, Joseph

  Kwajalein (Marshall Islands)

  Lacey, Winfield T.

  La Jolla, California, 14.1, 17.1, 18.1

  Lamb Estate (IBM)

  Lamy, New Mexico, 4.1, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1

  Langevin, Paul

  Langmuir, Irving, 8.1, 15.1

  language(s)

  of the brain

  genetic, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3

  Hungarian

  insect

  machine, 12.1, 14.1, 18.1

  mathematical, 4.1, 6.1, 13.1, 13.2, 18.1

  nonlinear

  programming, 5.1, 6.1, 10.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 15.1, 18.1, 18.2

  universal, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 18.1

  see also codes and coding

  Larson, Earle R., 5.1, 5.2

  Larson, Jens Frederick (1891–1981), 6.1, 6.2

  Last and First Men (Stapledon, 1930)

  lateral gene transfer, 12.1, 12.2

/>   Lawrenceville School

  League of Nations, at IAS

  Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646–1716), 1.1, 6.1, 8.1, 13.1, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1

  on the best of all possible worlds

  on binary coding

  on his calculating machine, v

  and digital computing, 6.1, 6.2

  and Duke of Brunswick

  on logical calculus

  his principle of maximum diversity, 6.1, 6.2, 12.1

  and shift registers, 6.1, 8.1

  on universal language, 6.1, 6.2

  Leidesdorf, Samuel D. (1881–1968), 3.1, 3.2, 14.1

  Leipzig, University of

  Lenni Lenape, 2.1, 2.2

  Lewinson, Jean (Flexner)

  life definition of, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 15.1

  encoding vs. decoding of, 1.1, 15.1

  probability of, 15.1, 15.2

  Lighthill, James (1924–1998)

  logic, 14.1, 18.1

  electronic, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1, 8.1, 13.1, 13.2

  mathematical, 1.1, 1.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 10.1, 12.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 14.1, 15.1

  probabilistic, 7.1, 11.1, 15.1, 17.1

  Lorenz, Edward (1917–2008)

  Los Alamos (National Laboratory), prf.1, ack.1, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 7.1, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 13.1, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2

  computing at, ack.1, 4.1, 5.1, 11.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3

  Louisville, Kentucky, 3.1, 3.2, 9.1

  Lowe, Elias, 5.1, 5.2

  Lucky Dragon

  Lwów (Poland), 11.1, 11.2, 11.3

  Maass, Herbert H. (1878–1957), 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 5.1, 7.1, 14.1

  machines defined, by Turing, 13.1, 13.2

  nondeterministic, 11.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3

  see also self-reproducing automata

  Mac Lane, Saunders (1909–2005)

  MacPhail, Malcolm

  Macy (Josiah Jr.) Foundation

  Maehly, Hans

  magnetohydrodynamics

  Manchester Mark 1 (computer)

  Manchester University, 8.1, 12.1, 13.1, 13.2, 18.1

  Mandelbrot, Benoît (1924–2010), 3.1, 18.1

  Manhattan Project, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 7.1, 10.1

  see also Los Alamos

  MANIAC (Mathematical and Numerical Integrator and Computer), see ECP; IAS computer

  MANIAC-1 (Los Alamos), 5.1, 15.1, 18.1

  Marchant (electromechanical desk calculator), 4.1, 5.1

  Mark, Carson (1913–1997), 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4

  Marshall, Andrew

  Marshall Islands, 1.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 18.1

  Martians, Hungarians as, 4.1, 15.1, 15.2

  Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2

  Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (von Neumann, 1932), 4.1, 15.1

  Mathematical Theory of Communication (Shannon, 1948)

  Mathematical Theory of Cryptography (Shannon, 1945)

  mathematics advantages of, to IAS

  education, in Hungary

  and physics, 4.1, 10.1, 11.1

  pure vs. applied, 3.1, 4.1, 10.1

  “Mathematics and the Arts” (Morse, 1950)

  Mauchly, John W. (1907–1980), 5.1, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 18.1

  on stored-program computing, 5.1, 5.2

  “Maxims for Ideal Prognosticators” (Bigelow, 1941), 7.1, 8.1, 16.1

  Maxwell, I. Robert (“Captain”)

  Maxwell, James Clerk

  Maxwell’s demon

  Mayer, Harris, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, 11.2, 18.1, 18.2

  on von Neumann, 1.1, 14.1

  on termination of the ECP

  Mayer, Rosalie

  McCulloch, Warren S. (1898–1969), 7.1, 15.1

  meaning, 6.1, 10.1, 13.1, 14.1, 17.1

  topology vs. code, as carrier of

  mechanical intelligence, 13.1, 17.1

  see also artificial intelligence

  mechanical procedure, 6.1, 13.1, 13.2

  “Me’lissende” (Robert Oppenheimer)

  Melville, Richard W. (1914–1994), 7.1, 7.2, 18.1

  memory (storage) acoustic delay line, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1, 13.1

  content-addressable, 17.1, 14.1

  cost of

  and ECP, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

  hierarchical

  iconoscope as

  inefficiencies of, 14.1, 14.2

  read-only (ROM)

  resistor-matrix, 5.1, 5.2

  serial vs. parallel

  solid state (silicon)

  as switching problem, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1

  von Neumann on scarcity of

  see also random-access memory (RAM); Selectron; Williams (memory) tubes

  Mercer, General Hugh

  Merkelson, Ted

  meteorology, see numerical weather prediction

  Metropolis, Nicholas (1915–1999), ack.1, 1.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 7.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3

  and computing at Los Alamos, 4.1, 18.1

  and the ENIAC, 5.1, 5.2

  and Monte Carlo (code), 10.1, 10.2

  on von Neumann, 4.1, 4.2

  Metropolis-Hastings algorithm

  Michigan, University of, 14.1, 18.1

  microprocessors, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 14.1, 15.1, 17.1

  Miller, Bernetta (1884–1972), 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2

  Mineville, New York

  minimax theorem (von Neumann)

  Minitotal (Alfvén)

  Minsky, Marvin

  “Model of General Economic Equilibrium” (von Neumann, 1932), 15.1, 15.2

  Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

  Monadology (Leibniz, 1714)

  Monte Carlo (code), 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 16.1, 17.1, 18.1

  Monte Carlo (Monaco), 10.1, 10.2

  Montgomery, Deane (1909–1992), 3.1, 3.2

  Moore School, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 11.1

  Morgenstern, Oskar (1902–1977), 4.1, 4.2, 15.1

  on von Neumann, 4.1, 10.1

  Morse, Marston (1892–1977), 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 14.1, 14.2, 18.1

  on meteorology

  Moulton, Forest Ray (1872–1952)

  Mount Holyoke College

  mulatsag

  Munk, Walter

  Nagasaki, atomic bombing of (August 9, 1945), 4.1, 7.1, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2

  National Center for Atmospheric Research

  National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), 4.1, 7.1, 7.2

  National Physical Laboratory (NPL), 8.1, 9.1, 13.1, 18.1

  Navy, U.S., 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 14.1