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Grand Pursuit

Page 66

by Sylvia Nasar


  Keynes on, 240–42, 327–30

  post–World War I, 218–19, 227–28, 231–32, 262, 281–86, 300

  post–World War II, 387

  standard, 157–64, 169, 284–86

  supply, 167, 170, 367–69

  value of, 240–41, 283–85, 304

  See also Banking; Credit; Federal Reserve; Gold standard; specific currencies

  Monopolies, 33, 156, 324, 347, 350

  Monroe Doctrine, 150

  Mont Pelerin Society, 403–404

  Moore, G. E., 343

  Principia Ethica, 239

  Moral Sciences Tripos, 67, 68–69

  Morgan, J. P., 182

  Morgan, Junius, 92

  Morgenstern, Oskar, 276

  Morgenthau, Henry, 362, 369, 371, 391, 395, 406, 415

  Morgenthau Plan, 406

  Mosley, Oswald, 294–95

  Muggeridge, Malcolm, 340

  Multiculturalism, 447

  Musil, Robert, 216

  Muslims, 450, 457

  Mussolini, Benito, 340, 346

  Myrdal, Gunnar, 387–88, 394, 408

  N

  Napoleonic Wars, 4

  Napoléon III, 28

  National Agricultural Laborers’ Union, 69–72

  National Bureau of Economic Research, 366

  National Conservation Commission, 165

  National Farmers Union, 363

  National Gallery, London, 199, 200

  National income accounts, 365–66

  Nationalization, 214, 216, 228

  National Planning Association, 363

  National Resources Planning Board, 363, 365, 409, 411, 419

  Nazism, 299, 331, 335, 336, 360, 375, 387, 395, 396, 400

  Nehru, Jawaharlal, 449, 454, 459

  New Deal, 325, 326, 331, 336, 337, 363, 365, 385, 397, 415, 416, 419

  opponents, 400

  New Republic, 283, 288, 289, 411, 437

  New Statesman, 127, 197, 283

  Newsweek, 400, 403

  Newton, Isaac, 447

  New York Federal Reserve Bank, 322

  New York Telephone, 302

  New York Times, 44, 110, 158, 184, 261, 274, 305, 312, 314, 325, 326, 339, 400, 410

  New York Tribune, 43

  New York University, 278, 364, 399

  Nicholson, Harold, 237, 250, 251

  Nightingale, Florence, 49

  Nixon, Richard, 425

  Nineteenth Century, The, 105, 118

  Northumberland, HMS, 44

  Norton, Charles Eliot, 74

  Noyes, Alexander, 183

  Nuclear weapons, 419, 426, 447

  O

  Office of Price Administration, 363, 368

  Oppenheimer, Francis, 207, 230–31, 235

  Orlando, Vittorio, 251

  Orr, Lord Boyd, 428, 436, 444

  Orwell, George, 394, 399

  1984, 388

  Ottoman Turks, 185, 209, 248

  Overend bank collapse, 44–46

  Owen, Robert, 74

  Oxford University, 55, 56, 155

  P

  Pabst, Georg, 265

  Paley, Tom, 67, 68

  Paley, William, 67

  Pall Mall Gazette, 50, 103, 111, 118, 139

  “The Bitter Cry of Outcast London,” 103–104

  Panic of 1893, 86, 154

  Panic of 1907, 137, 183–85

  Pareto, Vilfredo, 155, 457

  Paris Peace Conference, 231–32, 236–38, 245–61, 395

  reparations debate, 244–61, 290

  Parry, Jack, 430–31

  Paul, Ludwig, 223–24

  Pearl Harbor, 361, 394, 420

  Pearson, Karl, 190

  Peel, Robert, 4

  Perceval, Spencer, 341

  Perkin, Harold, 21

  Pétain, Marshal, 357

  Picasso, Pablo, 282, 437

  Pigou, Arthur, 242, 343, 344, 351, 437

  Platts-Mills, John, 433

  Poincaré, Henri, 155, 176

  Poland, 222, 224, 402, 433

  Political economy, 14, 15, 23–28, 50, 57–62, 63, 116, 150, 151

  change and, 65

  of 1860s–70s, 40–47, 50, 57–62, 63–86

  of 1880s–90s, 86–90, 100–138

  Marshall on, 63–65, 71–90

  Marx and Engels on, 14–18, 22–28, 34–47

  Mayhew on, 28–32

  Mill on, 32–34, 38, 60–62

  See also Economics; specific economists

  Pollitt, Harry, 433

  Ponzi, Charles, 413–14

  Poor Laws, 6–7, 13, 132, 133

  Popper, Karl, 403

  Population, 5–6, 24, 192

  growth, 18, 188, 439

  London, 18, 21, 25, 29, 30

  Malthus’s law on, 4–7, 33, 38

  post–World War II, 438–39

  Potter, Laurencina, 96–97, 100, 107

  Potter, Richard, 92, 95–99, 107, 109, 111, 113, 120, 124, 298

  Pounds, 162, 28, 240, 245, 282, 285, 286, 316, 393

  Poverty, xii, xiii, 148, 169–70, 189, 205, 462

  Dickens on, 3–10

  1840s–50s British, 5–10, 12–32, 33, 42–43

  1860s–70s British, 48–52, 63–65

  1880s–90s British, 97, 100–101, 103–105, 110–18, 129, 130–38

  Mayhew’s “Labour and the Poor” series, 28–34, 38

  modern welfare state and, 131–38

  post–World War II, 437–38, 446–51, 455, 456, 459

  twentieth-century British, 293, 385

  See also specific countries

  Pre-Raphaelites, 68, 116

  Presidency College, 451, 456

  Princeton University, 194, 204, 364

  Pritt, D. N., 433

  Private property, 16, 23, 37, 63, 86–87, 191, 206

  Productivity, 64, 81, 90, 132, 166, 169, 170, 188, 189, 272, 304, 336, 386, 423, 462

  American, 74–76, 89–90, 140–44, 155, 363

  competition and, 84–90

  low, 64, 88

  Marshall on, 64–65, 80–85, 86–90

  World War II, 362–63

  Prohibition, 312

  Proletariat, 15, 16, 27, 52

  Property rights, 16, 23, 33, 37, 63, 86–87, 191, 192, 206

  Marshall on, 63, 86–90

  of women, 33, 94

  Prostitution, 104, 125, 265

  Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 37

  Proust, Marcel, 237, 275

  Swann’s Way, 177

  Punch, 31

  Purchasing Power of Money index, 303

  Q

  Quine, Willard van Orman, 417

  “Quit India” movement, 449

  R

  Radicals, 3–4, 60, 64, 67, 86, 95, 104, 119

  Radio, 296, 297, 319

  Roosevelt’s fireside chats, 360, 383

  Rae, John, 166

  Railroads, 19, 33, 40, 179, 296

  American, 75, 76, 141, 153, 155, 156, 413

  Austrian, 173, 174

  British, 19, 22, 30, 43, 45, 51, 61, 95, 137

  Egyptian, 183

  Ramsey, Frank, 202–203, 343, 344

  Rawls, John, 455

  A Theory of Justice, 457

  RCA, 296

  Reader’s Digest, The, 399

  Recessions, 272–73, 308, 310, 322–23

  Great Depression, see Great Depression

  of 1950s, 424

  post–World War I, 208–213, 264–265, 296, 300–301, 312, 319, 342

  of 2008–2009, 463

  Reform Act of 1867, 57–58

  Relief. See Welfare

  Religion, 4, 5 6, 12, 17, 51, 99, 145

  Marx on, 16, 17

  missionaries, 51

  New England Evangelicalism, 145

  Remington Rand, 302, 304, 305, 312, 314

  Renner, Karl, 214, 217, 224, 228, 231, 233, 263, 276

  Rheinische Zeitung, 12, 15, 36

  Rhodes, Cecil, 179, 182

  Ricarde-Seaver, Gladys, 171, 178–79
, 183, 185, 186, 193, 200, 228, 270

  Ricardo, David, 14, 32–34, 37, 60, 63, 73, 112, 116, 150, 436

  iron law of wages, 32–33, 34, 71

  On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, 32

  Riddell, Lord, 249

  Robbins, Lionel, 280, 332–34, 375, 390, 391, 404

  The Great Depression, 334

  Robertson, Dennis, 348

  Robinson, Austin, 255, 341, 342, 344–49, 353, 406, 407, 436

  Robinson, Joan, 332, 342–53, 402, 426–45

  The Accumulation of Capital, 442–43

  at Cambridge, 341–46

  China and, 436, 441–44, 446

  Communism and, 351–52, 429–45

  Conference Sketchbook, 428, 429

  death of, 455

  on economic growth, 437–43

  Economic Philosophy, 445

  on economics, 347–53, 431–45

  The Economics of Imperfect Competition, 350, 438

  Kahn collaboration, 347–51, 353, 354, 442

  Keynes and, 341, 344, 348–51, 431–32, 435, 443

  marriage of, 344–46, 353

  Sen and, 454–55

  Soviet Union and, 351, 426–36

  as trophy intellectual, 429

  Rockefeller, John D., 182

  Rolodex, 302

  Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 319, 323–26, 409

  Brain Trust of, 323–26

  Bretton Woods conference, 390–98

  death of, 402

  Depression-era policy, 324–27, 331, 332, 400

  fireside chats, 360, 383

  gold standard abandoned by, 325–26

  Hayek and, 400

  Keynes and, 325, 326–27, 362

  Lend-Lease policy, 359–62

  “Message to Congress on the Concentration of Economic Power,” 400

  1932 presidential campaign, 323–35

  World War II and, 359–62, 367, 383–89, 395, 398, 420

  Roosevelt, Theodore, 142, 165

  Rostow, W. W., 179

  Roth, Joseph, The Radetzky March, 173

  Rothschild, Louis, 217, 226, 227, 228

  Rothschild, Nathan Mayer, 19

  Rowntree, Seebohm, Poverty: A Study of Town Life, 130

  Rupee, 240–41

  Ruskin, John, 19, 59, 60, 62, 352

  Russell, Bertrand, 128, 203, 206, 238, 275, 340, 343, 444

  Principia Mathematica, 202, 417

  S

  Sackville-West, Vita, 237

  St. John’s College, 52, 54, 56–57

  Salisbury, Lord, 102, 104

  Salten, Felix, 212

  Samuelson, Ella Lipton, 412, 414

  Samuelson, Frank, 412–14

  Samuelson, Marion, 417

  Samuelson, Paul, 153, 336, 385–86, 409–425, 442

  on economics, 419–24

  Economics: An Introductory Analysis, 421–24

  Foundations of Economic Analysis, 417–19, 451

  at Harvard, 415–19

  San Francisco, 72, 75, 144, 184, 324, 396

  1906 earthquake, 184

  Sanger, Margaret, 299

  Sanitation, 26, 70, 174

  Santiniketan, 449, 450, 453, 460

  Sassoon, Siegfried, 341

  Saudi Arabia, 248

  Say’s law, 329–30

  Schacht, Dr. Hjalmar, 393

  Schmoller, Gustav, 175

  Schorske, Carl, 172

  Schreier, Fritz, 279

  Schumpeter, Annie Reisinger, 270, 271, 335

  Schumpeter, Johanna, 171, 233, 270, 271, 274, 335

  Schumpeter, Joseph Alois, 171–94, 206, 239, 253, 261, 262–74, 276, 278, 282, 293, 329, 330, 332, 334–37, 350, 356, 372–74, 392, 394, 416, 417, 418, 419, 423, 431–32, 439–40, 443, 460, 462

  as Austrian finance minister, 216, 217–33

  as a banker, 233–34, 267–69

  Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 373–74, 440

  The Crisis of the Tax State, 201, 221

  death of his wife, 271–72, 335

  on economics, 175–78, 185–94, 201, 220, 270–74, 334–37, 372–74, 386

  in Egypt, 171, 179–86

  at Harvard, 334–37, 374

  lavish lifestyle of, 228–29, 268

  The Nature and Essence of Economic Theory, 187

  1920s Vienna and, 263–74

  “On the Mathematical Method in Theoretical Economics,” 175

  political demise, 232–34

  postwar Vienna and, 207–234, 253

  The Theory of Economic Development, 188–93, 308

  theory of economic evolution, 177–78, 186–93, 272–73

  in United States, 193–94, 274, 334–37

  World War I and, 200–201, 206

  World War II and, 372–74

  Schutz, Alfred, 279

  Schwartz, Anna, 314

  Scott, Sir Walter, 68

  Second Reform Act, 50, 60, 61

  Sen, Amartya, 446–60

  The Choice of Techniques, 454

  Collective Choice and Social Welfare, 456

  on economics, 454–60

  illness of, 451–53

  “The Impossibility of the Paretian Liberal,” 457

  India: Development and Participation, 459

  Nobel Prize, 460

  Robinson and, 454–55

  on social welfare, 454–60

  at Trinity College, 453–54

  Sen, Kshitimohan, 449

  Shakespeare, William, 68

  Shaw, George Bernard, 15, 122–23, 124–26, 128, 134, 197, 283, 299, 328

  Major Barbara, 130

  Mrs. Warren’s Profession, 125

  Widowers’ Houses, 124–25

  Sheppard, J. T., 241

  Sherman Antitrust Act, 144

  Shigeto, Tsuru, 416

  Sidgwick, Henry, 56–57, 59, 62, 63, 66, 69

  Silver standard, 157, 159, 162

  Skidelsky, Robert, 242, 257, 283, 294, 306, 310, 330, 356, 395

  Slavery, 33, 60, 98

  abolition of, 59

  Smith, Adam, xiii, 14, 32, 37, 57, 63, 73, 84, 90, 116, 166, 421

  The Wealth of Nations, xiii, 32

  Smith, James A., 126

  Smoot-Hawley tariff, 322, 324

  Smuts, Jan, 252, 253, 255

  Social Darwinism, 149, 151

  Socialism, 27, 28, 32, 34, 37, 57, 62, 65, 81, 89, 120, 165, 201, 213–16, 276, 332, 428, 438

  Fabian, 120–24, 275

  of Marx and Engels, 11–18, 22–28, 34–47

  utopian, 122–23

  Social Security, 384

  Social Security Act (1935), 331

  Social work, 100–101

  Sociology, 150–51

  Solow, Robert, 442–43, 460, 462

  Somary, Felix, 233

  Soviet Union, 206, 208, 236, 287, 426–36

  agriculture, 288

  Cold War, 389, 396, 402, 428, 444

  Communism, 206, 214, 222–24, 276, 338, 351, 429–31, 439–40

  famine, 339, 340

  industry, 288

  Keynes in, 287–89

  1990 collapse of, 462

  post–World War II, 402, 426–36, 460

  Robinson and, 351, 426–36

  society, 288, 289, 426–27, 429

  spies, 351, 396, 397–98, 444

  -U.S. relations, 400–402, 428

  Webb and, 338–40

  World War II, 359, 362, 373, 375, 387–88, 389, 394–96, 401, 403, 440

  Spanish-American War, 150

  Spanish Civil War, 431

  Sparticists, 215, 222

  Spears, Edward Louis, 238

  Spectator, 356

  Spencer, Herbert, 41, 95–99, 100–107, 112–13, 119, 124, 134, 148, 150, 167, 378

  The Man Versus the State, 106–107, 112

  Principles of Sociology, 150

  Social Statics, 106

  Synthetic Philosophy, 57

  Sprott, Sebastian, 286

  Sraffa, Piero, 332, 346–48, 350, 351, 430
, 436

  Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities, 442

  Stalin, Joseph, 339, 340, 387, 389, 391, 394, 398, 402, 403, 427–36

  purges, 434

  Standard of living, 62, 132, 141, 169, 189, 258, 271, 336, 383, 423, 439, 462

  debate, 62, 86–90

  modern welfare state and, 131–38

  post–World War I, 257

  productivity as engine to raise, 84–85

  Soviet, 288, 289

  Standard Oil, 141, 182

  Stead, William, 139–40

  The Americanization of the World, 139

  Stedman Jones, Gareth, 29, 30, 43

  Steed, Henry Wickham, 257–58, 260–61

  Steel, 141, 143–44, 174, 293, 411–12, 413

  Stein, Herbert, 329, 366, 371, 417, 424

  Stephen, Leslie, 56, 60

  Stephens, H. Morse, 139

  Stigler, George, 445

  Stocks, 267–68, 423

  diversified portfolio, 304

  Fisher on, 304–305

  Great Depression, 307–308, 319–21, 331

  indices, 302–304, 312

  of 1920s, 268, 304–308

  1924 Vienna stock market crash, 268–69

  1929 stock market crash, 280, 306–308, 312–13, 346

  World War II and, 361

  Strachey, John, The Theory and Practice of Socialism, 351

  Strachey, Lytton, 240, 241, 243, 260

  Eminent Victorians, 260

  Straight, Michael, 436

  Streissler, Erich, 173

  Strikes, labor, 3, 13, 60, 119, 150, 156

  dockworkers, 119

  1894 Pullman, 156

  farmworkers’, 69–72

  1926 coal, 289–90, 344

  postwar Berlin, 215

  Strong, Benjamin, 322

  Suez Canal, 95, 180, 181

  Suffrage, 3, 28, 33, 50, 57, 59

  labor vote, 59

  Reform Act of 1867, 57–58

  universal male, 101, 108

  women’s, 98, 119

  Sugar, 20, 156, 174, 181, 189, 210

  Sumner, William Graham, 149, 152, 165

  The Absurd Effort to Make the World Over, 158

  Supply and demand, 31, 32, 33, 60, 71, 152, 161, 169, 178, 329–30

  Sweatshops, 30–31, 116–18

  T

  Tagore, Rabindranath, 449

  Tappan, Marjorie, 343–44

  Tawney, R. H., 128

  Taxes, 6, 33, 57, 61, 83, 86–89, 106, 122, 169, 170, 192, 201, 236, 300, 358, 367, 422

  collection, 370–71

  consumption, 369

  cuts, 330, 366

  food, 9, 33

  Friedman on, 367–71

  Great Depression and, 311, 316, 318–19, 331

  income, 369–71

  land, 86–89, 108

  payroll, 331, 384

  post–World War I, 221–22, 236, 244

  property, 221, 222

  sales, 222, 369

  sin, 221

  withholding, 370

  World War II, 368–71, 384

  Taylor, A. J. P., 260

  Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 296

  Taylor, Harriet, 32, 408

  Taylor, Sedley, 71

  Technology, 142, 173, 191, 293, 443

 

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