War: What is it good for?
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Diamond, Jared, 15, 59, 76, 157–58, 161, 310
Dias, Bartolomeu, 179–80
Dickens, Charles, 218, 224
Dio, Cassius, 124, 399n
Dior, Christian, 279
discipline, military, 82, 84, 89–91, 103, 109, 134, 319, 336; imperialism and, 167, 199; Indian, 107; of infantry, 90, 94, 106–107, 142; Mesoamerican, 159; Roman, 124
disease, 7, 126–28, 377; imperialism and, 193–96, 198, 220, 226, 227; war deaths from, 8, 220, 227, 258, 271, 351; see also specific diseases
Dr. Strangelove (film), 281
Dombey and Son (Dickens), 218
domestication, 88–89
domino theory, 120–21, 124, 127, 140
Domitian, 40, 43, 113, 114, 122
Dow Jones Industrial Average, 259
Dracul, Vlad “the Impaler,” 172
Dreadnought (battleship), 222
Dresden Prize, 5n
drones, 370–73
Druids, 36
Duke University, 382
Dumnorix, 79, 80
Dutch, see Netherlands
dysentery, 126
Eannatum, King of Lagash, 90
East Germany, 279, 286, 329, 330
East India Companies, 167, 197–200, 216, 226, 229–30
economic growth, 9, 208, 267, 392; in Australia during global fiscal crisis, 360–61; during Cold War, 278, 285, 328; imperialism and, 224; see also capitalism; wealth
Economist, The, 365
Edinburgh, 138
Egan-Krieger, Captain Edward Jenö von, 403n
Egypt, 256, 276, 283, 348, 349, 368; ancient, 87, 94, 95, 96, 97, 100, 101, 133, 152, 156, 157; epidemics in, 127; feudal anarchy in, 138; Napoleon’s invasion of, 213, 224, 268; Ottoman conquest of, 177; prehistoric, 314; in Roman Empire, 34, 48, 74, 115
Einstein, Albert, 273
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 120, 124, 274, 275, 279, 281, 325–26
Elagabalus, 128–29
El Alamein, Battle of, 224
elephants, 74, 107–109, 144, 200, 376; armored, 107, 120, 199
Elias, Norbert, 12–13, 15, 18, 23, 39, 68, 69, 138, 201, 231, 319
emigration, 154, 161
empathy, 321–24
empires, ancient, see Han Empire; Mauryan Empire; Moche Empire; Parthian Empire; Roman Empire; Teotihuacán Empire
End of War, The (Horgan), 15
England, 12, 15–17, 187, 197, 205; American colonies of, 195, 208; ancient, see Britons, ancient; Bank of, 190, 191; civil wars in, 15, 201, 206; French conflicts with, 197, 200 (see also Agincourt, Battle of); in Middle Ages, 135–37, 139, 145; Navigation Acts, 209; Norman conquest of, 135; prehistoric, 311, 159; see also Britain
Enlightenment, 321
Epictetus, 39
Estonia, 258, 330, 343
Ethiopia, 221, 368
European Union, 341–46, 342, 381; Common Security and Defense Policy, 343
evolution, 22, 294–95, 299, 338; biological, 76, 305, 308, 314, 390; cultural, 314–17, 378, 383; Darwin’s definition of, 294; gradualist versus punctuated views of, 82; paradox of, 294, 298; technology and, 388
Fa’amu, Fa’apua’a, 58
Face of Battle, The (Keegan), 21
famines, 7, 255, 356; war-related deaths due to, 226–27, 258
Fancheng (China), 144
Farewell to Arms, A (Hemingway), 253
farming, 85, 183–84, 213, 387; career alternatives to, 204–205; by Germanic peoples, 122–23; in China, 72–73, 111, 121–22, 140, 184, 356–57; disease and, 193–94; and Hitler’s Lebensraum, 264; impact of climate change on, 127–28; industrialization and, 217, 238, 356, 357; in Mauryan Empire, 71, 111; origins of, 75–80, 208, 269, 317, 334–35; in Roman Empire, 32, 41, 48, 111; in Soviet Union, 285, 316; in United States, 213; see also caging
Federalists, 208
Ferguson, Niall, 23, 24, 195, 264, 357
Fertile Crescent, 87–92, 94–101, 104–105
feudal anarchy, 138–40, 145, 146, 151, 337
feuds, 44, 59, 80, 184, 231
Fin Cop (England), 36
Finland, 261
firearms, 143, 170, 174–76, 182; see also cannons; guns
Firearms: A Global History to 1700 (Chase), 176
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 387
fleets, 162, 185, 187–88; American, 58, 256; British, 191, 197, 218, 224, 240, 247, 255, 256; Chinese, 144; Dutch, 190, 191, 197; French, 200, 214; German, 247, 268, 359; Hawaiian, 150; Roman, 41; Spanish, 210
flexible response, 282–85
Florence, 170
Flower Wars, 157
Fofoa, 58
Fontenoy, Battle of, 189
foot soldiers, see infantry
Foreign Policy magazine, 362
fortifications, 38, 82, 84, 157, 319; ancient, 61, 72, 85, 87, 89, 92, 98, 142, 173, 336; barbarian attacks on, 143; innovations in shapes of, 173; firearms and, 172–73, 182; in World War II, 272
Founding Fathers, 18
fracking, 364
France, 170, 172, 192, 201, 244, 261, 265, 341; absolutism in, 190; American Revolution supported by, 210; ancient, see Gaul; antiwar attitudes in, 344; cave paintings in, 313; during Cold War, 276; English conflicts with, 197, 200 (see also Agincourt, Battle of); in entente cordiale with Britain, 242; in European Union, 343; Hobbes criticized in, 17; imperialism of, 195, 199–200, 219, 225, 227, 229, 242, 269; industrialization of, 239, 239; in League of Nations, 257; in Middle Ages, 136–37; Mississippi Bubble bank crash in, 191; in Napoleonic wars, 212–15, 215, 256; oceangoing ships of, 181, 188; prehistoric, 77; Russian Civil War intervention of, 258; sale of North American holdings by, 219; standardization of war machine in, 188–89; in World War I, 236, 245–51, 253, 254, 255, 265, 358; in World War II, 54, 259, 265–66
Francis of Assisi, Saint, 139
Franco-Prussian War, 231
Franks, 129, 137
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, 236, 244–45
Frazier, Joe, 89n Freeman, Derek, 58
free trade, 238–40, 266
Friedman, George, 375, 376
French Revolution, 206, 212
Fry, Douglas, 15
Fujian, 115
Fukuyama, Francis, 62–63
futurists, 377, 379–80, 386, 389
Gallant, Jack, 381
galleons, 181, 187
Gallipoli, 247
Gama, Vasco da, 180, 182, 192, 197
game theory, 297–99, 321, 325
Gandhi, Mohandas K., 260
Ganges Valley, 92, 107, 144
Gansu, 115
Gat, Azar, 14, 15, 18
Gates, Robert, 353
Gatling gun, 221
≠Gau, 78–80
Gaul, 8, 35, 38, 49, 78–80; barbarian invasion of, 129; pre-Roman, 84
Geneva Conventions, 351
Genghis Khan, 143–45, 162, 376
genocide, 7, 58
Georgia, 330, 343
Germanic peoples, 79, 122–25, 129, 130; in Roman Empire, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35, 84, 136
Germany, 5n, 23–24, 200, 242–44, 345, 392; ancient, 114, 115 (see also Germanic peoples); Bundesbank, 342; division of, 273 (see also East Germany; West Germany); imperialism of, 225, 341, 348, 357, 359; industrialization of, 239, 239–40; in Middle Ages, 133, 136, 145; NATO and Soviet threat to, 283; naval power of, 241; prehistoric, 311; reunification of, 330, 341; unification of, 239, 255; in World War I, 236, 245–55, 253, 258, 264, 356, 358; in World War II, 19, 23, 54, 224, 259, 264–72, 270, 356
Gestapo, 269
Ghor, prince of, 167
Ghurid Empire, 144
Gibbon, Edward, 39–41, 43, 111, 123
Gilbert, W. S., 238, 403n
Gladiator (film), 124n gladiators, 40, 68, 109
Global Times, 360
Global Trends 2030 (National Intelligence Council), 367, 369
Global War on Terror, 359
globocops, 25, 271, 341; American, 333, 338, 341, 344, 345, 348, 350, 352, 354, 357, 358, 363, 366–67, 374, 385, 386, 388; B
ritish, 338, 344, 348–50, 352, 357, 364–66, 388, 392 (see also British Empire)
Goa (India), 193
Gods Must Be Crazy, The (film), 60
Golding, William, 53, 54, 62
Goldstein, Joshua, 15, 19
Gombe War, 288–90, 289, 298–301, 317
Gong Ye, 122, 128
Goodall, Jane, 288, 290, 317
Google, 380, 395n; Glass, 86, 390
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 328–30, 331
Göring, Hermann, 268
Goths, 129, 130, 143
Graupian Mountain, battle at, 27–29, 31–32, 43, 110, 111, 113, 293, 393
Great Bengal Famine, 226
Great Depression, 259–60
Great Game, 346, 346
Great Illusion, The (Angell), 235, 338–39
Great Plains, 162
Great Wall of China, 106, 119, 141
Great Zimbabwe, 154, 162, 196
Greece, 247, 258, 343; Gothic invasion of, 129
Greeks, ancient, 61, 75, 100, 102, 107, 109; city-states of, 50–51; historians, 20, 47; in India, 73–74; in Roman Empire, 8, 33–35, 47–49, 123; in Trojan War, 97; and Western-way-of-war theory, 64–66, 82, 120, 174, 175, 252, 336, 388
Greeks Had a Word For It, The (Akins), 397n
gross domestic product (GDP), 238; American, 256, 277, 352, 357, 365; British, 238–39, 244, 352; Chinese, 365; Japanese, 262; Soviet, 363; tables comparing, 233, 239, 240, 256, 277, 335, 365, 366
Guam, 359
Guangdong, 115
Guangzhou, 196, 218
guns, 143, 168–78, 192, 197, 201, 232, 319; automatic, 222; bandits with, 229; big, see artillery; cannons; in colonization of Americas, 193; handheld, 172 (see also muskets; rifles); innovations in, 175–77; invention of, 168–70, 174; machine, 259, 374; trade and, 203, 322, 337, 387; in United States, 332; in World War I, 248, 252; in World War II, 270
guerrilla warfare, 150, 215, 247
Gujarat, Sultan of, 197
Gulf War, 81, 347
Guns, Germs, and Steel (Diamond), 76, 157
Gupta Empire, 130, 131, 139
Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, 187, 188
Gyrthe, 135
Habuba Kabira (Sumer), 86
Hackett, General John, 284
Hadrian, 112, 114, 119
Hague, The (Netherlands), 234, 235
Haiti, 63
Hamilton, Alexander, 208
Han Empire, 67, 67, 68, 81, 202, 322; cavalry of, 120, 126; collapse of, 127–29; Confucianism in, 70, 323; entanglement with steppes of, 120–22; peace and prosperity in, 69, 72, 106; violent death rates in, 109–11; wars of conquest waged by, 115–16, 323; weapons of, 232; Yellow River flood disaster in, 72–73
Hannibal, 106, 264
Hanson, Victor Davis, 65–66, 104, 174–75, 252, 388
Harfleur (France), 171
Hargreaves, James, 216–17
Harlan, Josiah, 167
Harmless People, The (Thomas), 59
Harold, King of England, 135
Hassig, Ross, 157
Hastings, Battle of, 135
Hastings, Warren, 229–30
Havelock, General Henry, 221
Hawaii, 149–51, 154
“Heaven-Storming Generalissimo,” 141
Hebei Province, 69
Heidelberg Man, 311
Helvetii tribe, 78–80
Hemingway, Ernest, 253, 387
Henry, Prince of Portugal, 178
Henry I, King of England, 135–36, 138
Henry V, King of England, 163, 171, 174
Henry VI, King of England, 201
Hentsch, Colonel, 246, 403n
Herat (Persia), 145
Herodotus, 20, 64–66, 117, 122, 126
Hessians, 212
Hidden Life of Dogs, The (Thomas), 59
Hideyoshi, 151–52
Hilly Flanks, 77, 82, 152, 156
Himalayas, 102, 120, 170
Hinduism, 230, 231
Hindu Kush, 102, 120, 121, 346
Hiroshima, atomic bombing of, 7, 273
History Channel, 20
Hitler, Adolf, 11, 23–24, 278, 280, 343, 375; appeasement of, 324; British Empire admired by, 261; nonaggression pact of Stalin and, 25; rearmament of Germany by, 265; suicide of, 273; World War I as basis for strategy of, 264–66; during World War II, 54, 265–71, 324
Hittites, 97, 100
Hobbes, Thomas, 15–19, 23, 24, 40, 54, 56, 58, 62, 71, 201, 208
Hobsbawm, Eric, 236
Hohokam culture, 161
Homer, 97
homicide, see murder
Homo ergaster, 307–309, 308, 311, 314
Homo sapiens, 307, 313, 315–16
Homs (Syria), 145
Hong Kong, 218, 355
Honshu, 150, 151
Hopi, 83–84
Horace, 39
Horgan, John, 15
Hormuz (Persia), 193
horses, 43, 105, 162, 217; arrival in Americas of, 162, 193; domestication and breeding of, 94, 101, 154; elephants and, 107, 376; in Gaul, 79; at Graupian Mountain, 29, 31, 38; in Han Empire, 73; light carts pulled by, see chariots; rideable, 102, 116, 132 (see also cavalry); in World War II, 270
Hu Jintao, 362
Human Brain Project, 381
human sacrifice, 35–36, 68
Hungary, 172, 174, 329, 330
Huns, 126, 130, 131, 143
hunter-gatherers, 14, 25, 59, 77, 150, 269, 315; modern, 59, 309
Hurrians, 94
Hus, Jan, 171
Hyksos, 97
Iazyges, 113, 117, 122, 124
IBM computers, 380
Ice Age, 76, 82, 87, 104, 147, 301, 312, 318
Ice Man, 62
Idani, Gen’ichi, 292
Iliad (Homer), 97
immigrants, 96, 151, 156
imperialism, 192–209, 224–33; British, see British Empire; diseases spread by, 193–96, 198, 220, 226, 227; French, 195, 199–200, 219, 225, 227, 229, 242, 269; German, 225, 341, 348, 357, 359; military discipline and, 167, 199; Portuguese, 163–64, 167, 178–79, 192–93, 201; and reinvention of productive wars, 168, 183, 185, 201, 203, 225, 347; Roman Empire compared to, 227, 232, 264; Russian, 177, 286, 346; taxes generated by, 192–93, 198, 200, 206–207, 385; trade and, 193, 196–200, 206–209, 214–15, 224; of United States, 219, 225, 228, 242, 276–78, 339, 347; violent death rates associated with, 201, 202, 226, 229–233; wealth generated by, 180, 203–207, 238–40, 268, 337–38
Incas, 162, 193, 195
India, 167, 256, 258, 360, 362; ancient, 67, 68, 70–74, 91, 92, 94, 96–98, 102, 104, 106–107, 120, 121 (see also Mauryan Empire); British in, 8, 73, 197–200, 210, 216, 218, 221, 224–27, 229–31, 242, 260–61, 346; economic growth in, 334, 365, 392; European trade with, 178, 192; farming in, 184; firearms in, 170; in Middle Ages, 130–33, 139, 144; Mughal, 182–83, 198–200, 229, 230; nuclear weapons of, 376; Soviet arms sales to, 363; during World War I, 251
Indochina, 120, 228–29
Indonesia, 311, 349
industrialization, 8, 58, 239–40, 320, 387; of Britain, 238–39, 241, 256; of Germany, 242, 244
Industrial Revolution, 216–18, 356
Indus Valley, 90–94, 96, 108, 121, 133, 156
infantry, 118, 173, 183, 186–87, 375, 376; of ancient empires, 106–109, 120, 125, 336; in Arab-Israeli wars, 283–84; chariot attacks on, 95–97; disciplined, 90, 94, 107; Greek, 64–66, 65, 97; iron-armed, 102, 105, 106, 142, 319, 336; in Middle Ages, 173–76; in Napoleonic wars, 213; in World War I, 247–50, 252; in World War II, 255
institution, commonwealth by, 16, 40, 71
intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), 280, 284, 286, 326, 370
Internet, 281–82, 390
invisible hand, 205–206, 209–10, 327; and invisible fist, 210, 216, 223, 226, 268, 322, 327, 338, 343, 385–86
iqta’, 139
Iran, 68, 143, 285, 347, 363, 373; nuclear program of, 352–53, 376
Iraq, 45, 63, 68, 85, 91, 101, 114
, 115, 117, 247, 347; Abbasid caliphate in, 131–32; impact of climate change in, 368; Kuwait occupied by, 81; U.S. wars in, 47–48, 81, 347, 349, 350
Ireland, 256, 343
Iron Curtain, 6, 269, 273, 279, 329
Iron Mountain, battle at, 141
iron weapons, 101–102, 105–106, 154, 232
Isandlwana, Battle of, 221
Isfahan (Persia), 197
Ishiwara Kanji, Colonel, 261, 263–64
Islam, 136, 144, 174
Islamists, 220, 347–50, 353, 363, 387
Israel, 14, 283–86, 316, 347, 352, 353; ancient, 97, 100, 101; Iron Dome missile defense system, 370, 371; nuclear weapons of, 376
Istanbul, see Constantinople
Italy, 115, 131, 133, 170, 172, 177, 201, 221, 343; ancient, 62, 98, 99, 129; in Middle Ages, 137, 145; Napoleon in, 213; postwar economic aid to, 277; Roman wars of expansion in, 36, 37; Russian Civil War intervention of, 258; in World War I, 238, 253
Ivan IV (the Terrible), Tsar of Russia, 177
Ivory Coast, 291, 318n
Jacobi, Derek, 146
Jakarta, 354
Jamaica, 203
James, Harold, 259
James II, King of England, 206
Jamestown colony, 195
Japan, 154, 180, 219, 242, 261, 269, 358; China invaded by, 152, 261–64; during Cold War, 277, 278; economic growth of, 354–55; European trade with, 197; firearms in, 170, 182; industrialization in, 239, 239, 241; Korea invaded by, 152, 176; Korean immigrants to, 150–51; in Middle Ages, 133, 139, 141, 151; naval power of, 241; oil demand in, 346; Russian Civil War intervention of, 258; in standoffs with People’s Republic of China, 358, 360, 361; U.S. military alliance with, 362; in World War II, 268, 270, 271
Java, 178
javelins, 39, 99, 100, 107, 186, 313
Jefferson, Thomas, 208, 213, 257
Jenkins’s Ear, War of, 78
Jericho, 85, 173
Jerusalem, 38, 143
Jesus, 50
Jethá, Cacilda, 15
Jews: Nazi slaughter of, 54, 266; in Roman Empire, 34, 38, 48
jihad, 251, 347, 348, 350, 353
Jin dynasty, 130
John, King of Portugal, 163–64
Jordan Valley, 76, 85
Josephus, 38
Judea, 38
Jünger, Ernst, 248
Justinian, 131, 136
Kabinettskriege (ministers’ wars), 191
Kabul (Afghanistan), 182
Kadesh, Battle of, 97, 98
Kagan, Robert, 277, 344
Kalahari Desert, 59, 78, 79
Kalinga, Battle of, 71, 108
Kant, Immanuel, 211–13, 235, 236, 257, 377
Kaplan, Robert, 359
Kashi, 108