War: What is it good for?
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Kassites, 97
Kautilya, 70–72
Kazakhstan, 94, 96, 330, 363
Keegan, John, 21, 66, 104, 249
Keeley, Lawrence, 13, 15, 18, 21
Kennedy, John F., 280–82, 392
Keynes, John Maynard, 23
Keynesian economics, 45
KGB, 286
Khanna, Ayesha, 386
Khanna, Parag, 386
Khartoum, 348–49
Khoekhoe, 196
Khomeini, Ayatollah, 347
Khrushchev, Nikita, 280, 281, 329
Khubilai Khan, 144
Khwarizmian Empire, 143, 144
Khyber Pass, 121
Kiha-a-Pi‘ilani, King of Maui, 149, 151
Kim Il Sung, 279
King, Rodney, 46–47, 52
Kipling, Rudyard, 35, 165–67, 224, 228, 231, 346
Kirch, Patrick, 150
Kitchener, Herbert, 351
Komarów, Battle of, 259
Königsberg, 213
Korea, 140, 141, 152, 166, 170, 176, 262; immigrants to Japan from, 150–51; see also North Korea; South Korea
Korean War, 115, 279, 356
Kosala, 108
Kosovo, 344
Krepinevich, Andrew, 81
Kruger, Paul, 352
Kurds, 350
Kurosawa, Akira, 151
Kursk, Battle of, 270, 270
Kurzweil, Ray, 380–83, 389–90
Kushan Empire, 115, 121, 126, 129, 132
Kuwait, 81, 347
Kyrgyzstan, 330
Kyushu, 150, 151
laagers, 172, 182
Lagash, 45, 90–91, 91
Lahore, maharaja of, 167
Lake Boyang, Battle of, 169–70
Laos, 282
Latvia, 330
law, rule of, 16, 133, 180, 184, 269; of British raj in India, 230; in China, 69, 72, 73, 106; in Mauryan Empire, 70–73; and rise of capitalism, 190, 207, 209; in Roman Empire, 24, 41, 48, 73; of stationary bandits, 87
law and order, 17–18, 101, 206, 276; collapse of, 128, 160, 198, 229
Lay Down Your Arms (Suttner), 234
League of Nations, 257–58, 261, 274
Lebanon, 101, 350
Lebensraum, 24, 264
Leipzig, Battle of, 214
Lenin, V. I., 258
Leofwyne, 135
Leviathan (Hobbes), 16, 201
Leviathans, 16–19, 23–25, 163, 184, 327, 387; in Africa, 153–54; ancient, 39, 40, 67, 97–98, 100, 152, 159, 202–203 (see also specific empires); and cyclic nature of productive war, 92–93, 97–98, 100, 102, 130; farming and origins of, 75, 87; European imperialist, 202–203 (see also British Empire); international open-access order of, 209–10; in Middle Ages, 131, 132, 136, 139, 147, 151; piracy and, 180; resistance of early United States to, 213–14; stationary banditry of, 44, 320
Libya, 35, 99, 100, 345, 349–50
Liddell Hart, Basil, 11, 264–65, 395n Light Brigade, 183
Lincoln, Abraham, 241, 318, 385
Lithuania, 330
living standards, 278, 363; rising, 9, 43, 72, 168, 357
Livy, 383
Lloyd George, David, 237, 255, 257
logistics, 82, 84, 144, 160, 268
London, 40, 190, 191, 197, 219; commercial interests in, 199–200; German bombing of, 54
London School of Economics, 242
Lord of the Flies, The (Golding), 52–53, 57, 59, 60, 80, 291
Los Angeles, 46–47; riots in, 47
Los Dogues (Spain), 90
Louis XIV, King of France, 190, 401n
Louis XVI, King of France, 206, 212
lucky latitudes, 75, 75, 88, 157, 321; chariots in, 95–98; domestication of plants and animals in, 76–77, 94, 317; emigration from, 150, 152, 154; farming and caging in, 77–80, 104, 111, 318, 334–35; hunter-gatherers in, 76; in Middle Ages, 131, 131–34, 139, 145–46, 172, 178; nomadic raids in, 120, 143–45, 162; productive war in, 80–81, 109, 147, 151, 175, 183, 336; revolutions in military affairs in, 82, 85, 142–43, 335–36; spread of ideas in, 158–59, 161–62
Ludendorff, Erich von, 252, 254, 255, 264
Lugi, 27
Luoyang (China), 128, 139
Luttwak, Edward, 10–11, 114, 359
Maastricht Treaty, 343
Macao, 218
Macedonia, 51, 107
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 173
Mackinder, Halford, 242–43, 243, 262–63, 344, 345, 359, 363
MacLeod, Ken, 380
“Mad Bandit,” 141–42
Maddison, Angus, 233 Madeira, 178
Madras, 199
Magadha, 108
magnetic compasses, 177
Magyars, 137
Mahabharata, 94, 96, 108
Ma‘ilikukahi, King of Oahu, 149
Malacca, 193, 196, 197; Strait of, 355, 356
malaria, 195, 196, 220
Malaya, 228
Mali, 349, 350, 372
Malthus, Thomas, 216
Mamluks, 145
Manchuria, 169, 169, 261, 263
Mandalgarh, siege of, 166, 170
Manhattan, 195
Mann, Michael, 80
“Man Who Would Be King, The” (Kipling), 165–67
Maori, 219
Mao Zedong, 23, 269, 279, 285, 356, 357, 359, 391
Mapungubwe, 154
Marcellinus, Ammianus, 126
Marcomanni, 123
Marcomannic War, 124n
Marcus Aurelius, 123, 123–24, 125, 127
Mardonius, 64–66
Marie Antoinette, Queen of France, 212
Marj Dabiq, Battle of, 177
Markram, Henry, 381
Martin, George R. R., 396n
Martinet, Jean, 188
Marx, Karl, 279
Massachusetts, 195, 219, 221
mass destruction, weapons of, 85; see also nuclear weapons
mass production, 221
Matrix movies, 379
Maui, 149–51
maula, 107
Mauritania, 228
Mauryan Empire, 67, 67, 81, 146, 202, 322, 323; elephants used in warfare by, 107–108, 376; fall of, 93; fortified cities of, 72; housing in, 73–74; iron weapons of, 232; treatise on statecraft of, 70–71, 106, 107; violent death rate in, 109–11
Maxim gun, 221
Maya, 157
Mead, Margaret, 53–55, 57–58, 60, 82, 83, 232, 291–92, 377
Measure of Civilization, The (Morris), 109, 203, 378
Mecca, 178
Mediterranean Basin, 104
Megasthenes, 71–73
Megiddo, Battle of, 98 Mein Kampf (Hitler), 264
mercenaries, 99, 201, 210, 212
Merneptah, Pharaoh, 100
Meroë, 152
Merrimack (ironclad ship), 221
Mersin, 85
Mesoamerica, 68, 74–75, 156, 157, 159–61, 193
Mesopotamia, 156, 158, 256
Mexico, 67, 150, 156, 157, 159–62, 219, 251; cultivation and domestication of plants in, 77, 88, 159
Miami Indians, 210
Michigan, University of, Ann Arbor, 54
Micronesia, 148
Middle Ages, 12
migrations, 99–100, 149, 154, 232, 233; diseases spread by, 127–28; farming and, 78, 147, 150, 152–53, 161; of peasants in cities, 334; steppe, 122, 130, 133–34, 333, 337
military affairs, revolutions in: 81–82, 86, 121, 126, 142, 199, 252, 318–19, 326; see also bronze arms and armor; discipline, military; firearms; fortifications; iron weapons; nuclear weapons; in Africa, 154; American Revolution and, 210–11; ancient, 81, 86, 142, 173; caging and, 87–88, 88; counterrevolution against, 134–39; destabilization caused by, 93–94; high-tech (see computerization, of war; robotics); horses and, 94, 101, 126 (see also cavalry; chariots); in Mesoamerica, 159–60, 335–36; migration and spread of, 150–52; Red Queen Effect and, 85–87
Ming dynasty, 162, 170, 174, 176, 184–85
mining, 19, 170, 179, 196, 217, 360
Minu
teman missiles, 4
missionaries, 60, 196
Mississippi Bubble, 191
Moche culture, 67, 67, 156, 159
Moltke, Helmuth von (the Elder), 396n
Moltke, Helmuth von (the Younger), 246–47, 249
Mombasa (Kenya), 192
Mongolia, 115, 183, 261, 330, 363
Mongols, 133, 162, 170, 173, 174, 176, 180; carnage of battles of, 145; disintegration of kingdoms of, 178; guns used in Chinese rebellion against, 169; Japan repels invasions by, 151; Russian defeat of, 177; weapons designed by Chinese engineers for, 143–44
Monitor (ironclad ship), 221
Mons (Belgium), 147
Monte Albán, 67
Montgomery, Field Marshal Bernard Law, 19
Moors, 129
Morocco, 136, 163, 245
Morozov, Evgeny, 380
Morris, Desmond, 310
Mozambique, 192
Mughal Empire, 182–83, 198–200, 229, 230
Muhammad, 135
Munich agreement, 7n
murder, 12–14, 16, 44, 99, 343; in ancient empires, 40, 45, 59, 69–70, 93, 113, 117, 128–29; in British Empire, 240–41, 352; by chimpanzees, 288, 312; of civilians by Nazis, 23, 54, 266–67; in Denmark, 333; in early-modern Europe, 12–13, 201–202; in hunter-gatherer societies, 14, 56, 59; mass, war as, 7, 12, 14, 262, 271, 338; in Middle Ages, 145–46; prehistoric, 316; by terrorists, 348–49; in United States, 231, 276, 332; World War I precipitated by, 236
Murray, Lieutenant, 228, 231
Muscovy, 177
muskets, 174, 177, 182–83, 185–88, 96, 213, 221, 222
Muslims, 136, 138, 251; see also Islam, Islamists
Mutapa, 179, 196
mutual assured destruction (MAD), 280, 340, 376
Muziris (India), 74
Myanmar, 361
Mysore Oriental Library, 70
Naam, Ramez, 387–88
Nagasaki, atomic bombing of, 7, 273
Naissus, 113, 143
Naked Ape, The (Morris), 310
Nandas, 107
Nanjing, 262
nanotechnology, 364, 382, 387
Napoleon, Emperor of the French, see Bonaparte, Napoleon
Nash, John, 325
National Broadcasting Company (NBC), 280
National Geographic, 288
National Intelligence Council, 367, 379, 387
nationalism, 347
Native Americans, 156, 161, 204, 219; diseases decimating populations of, 193–95, 226; horses and, 162; massacres in wars among, 62, 161; misinterpretations of attitudes toward violence of, 157; slaughtered by colonists, 8, 226; weapons of, 159
natural selection, 304
Navajo, 150
Nazis, 23, 266–69, 278, 364
Neanderthals, 311–14, 316, 317, 383
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 258
Nemesis (steamship), 218
Nepal, 232
Nero, 43
Netherlands, 114, 187–90, 192, 197, 206, 209, 234; Arnhem Zoo, 290; colonization by, 195–97
neuroscience, 380–82
New Digital Age, The (Schmidt and Cohen), 379
New Guinea, 58, 82, 84, 316
New Mexico, 161
New York, 195, 251, 268, 332
New York Times, 257, 273
New Zealand, 149, 219, 260; wealth in, 335
Nexus (Naam), 387–88
Ngogo War, 289, 291, 291
Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia, 234
Nicolelis, Miguel, 382, 383
Nicopolis, 143
Niger, 386
Nigeria, 63
Nile Delta, 100
Nile Valley, 152, 163
Nishapur (Persia), 145
Nixon, Richard, 269, 282, 285, 356
Nobel Prize, 382; for Peace, 234, 343, 345
Nobunaga, Oda, 151
nomads, 102, 117–20, 125–28, 130–31, 141–44, 151, 162, 183, 242, 322–23
Nomonhan, Battle of, 263
Normandy, 136, 171
Normans, 135
North, Douglass, 206
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 279, 283–84, 286, 329, 330, 344
Northern Wei kingdom, 140
North Korea, 352, 355, 362, 363
Norway, 279
nouveaux riches, 206
Nubians, 152
Nuceria, 28, 40
nuclear weapons, 3–5, 9, 333, 350, 385; campaigns against, 6, 281, 321, 391; Cold War strategies and 279–80, 284–86, 325, 328–29, 436n; in Middle East, 347, 352, 353
Nye, Joseph, 49
“Nylon War, The” (Riesman), 327
Oahu, 149–50
Obama, Barack, 345, 349, 350, 361
Octavian, see Augustus
Odo, Count, 137
Odtaa, 132
oil, 188, 222, 285, 336, 363, 364; Middle Eastern, 285, 346–50, 352, 353
Olmec culture, 67
Olson, Mancur, 44, 129
open-access order, 206–207, 209–11, 214, 268, 383, 386–87; British, 215, 225, 239–40, 272, 338; economic growth and, 261; invisible hand and invisible fist in, 385–86; of United States, 269, 275, 338, 386; World War II and, 269–70
Operation Bagration, 271
Operation Cobra, 271
Opium War, 218–19
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 364, 365
Orgetorix, 80n
Origins of Political Order, The (Fukuyama), 62
Orwell, George, 260
Ottomans, 172, 177–78, 182–85, 345
Owen, Wilfred, 249
Oxford (England), 170
Oxford University, 381
Pacific Rim, 360; medieval, 148
Pacifist’s Dilemma, 319–24
Paine, Thomas, 208, 231
pair-bonding, 309, 311
Pakistan, 67, 88, 92, 107, 136; drone strikes in, 370, 372; Islamists in, 349; nuclear weapons of, 376; sculptures of Kushan mounted archers in, 121; United States and, 362, 363
Palestina, 38
Palestine, 256
Palmerston, Lord, 345
Panipat, Battle of, 182
Paraguay, 232
Pargeter, Edith (Ellis Peters), 146–47
Paris, 15–16, 137, 197
Parthian Empire, 67, 68, 74, 111, 232
Pataliputra (India), 71, 108, 109, 133, 336
Patel, Amit, 395n
Pattanam (India), 74
Paul, Saint, 50, 395n
Pax Americana, 340–41, 363, 386, 390
Pax Britannica, 225–34, 338, 341, 363
Pax Chacoa, 161
Pax Indica, 70
Pax Romana, 39–43, 46, 69
Pax Sinica, 69, 106
Pax Technologica, 386, 390
Peacock Throne, 183, 198
Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack on, 268
peasants, 77, 183, 229; in ancient empires, 103, 105, 116, 119, 128; communist oppression of, 258, 354; industrialization and migration into cities of, 334, 355; in Middle Ages, 134–35, 142
People’s Republic of China, 183, 279, 327, 334, 355–65, 392; Communist Party of, 360; Cultural Revolution in, 356; Nixon in, 269, 356; nuclear weapons of, 370, 391; Tiananmen Square crisis in, 358
people’s wars, 210–15, 215, 224, 252, 267, 268
Pepys, Samuel, 189, 190, 197, 255–56
Pergamum, 51–52
Perpetual Peace (Kant), 211–13, 235
Persia, 140, 197, 224, 256, 345; cavalry of, 177; first (Achaemenid) Empire, 50, 64–65, 65, 84, 103, 107, 118–20; modern, see Iran; Mongol invasion of, 145; oil in, 346; Ottoman defeat of, 177; Safavid dynasty of, 183; second (Sasanid) Empire, 125, 126, 130, 136; tribal feuds in, 184
Peru, 33, 67, 193; domestication of plants and animals in, 77, 88, 159
Peterson, Dale, 290, 302
Petraeus, David, 351
Petrov, Stanislav, 19, 25, 269, 295, 373, 375; nuclear war averted by, 3–5, 9, 10, 286, 287, 326, 330–31, 369, 389
Pew Research Center, 362
; Philip I, King of France, 136, 138
Philip of Pergamum, 35, 47
Philippines, 148, 360
Philistines, 38
Pian del Carpine, Giovanni da, 144
Picasso, Pablo, 313
Pinker, Steven, 15, 18–19, 319–24
pirates, 185–86, 193, 195, 197; China and, 69, 176; global war on, 180–82, 201–202; Roman Empire and, 35, 39, 41, 47–48
Pirates of Penzance, The (Gilbert and Sullivan), 238, 403n
Pizarro, Francisco, 193
plantations, 178, 195–96, 203, 205
Plassey, Battle of, 200
Plataea, Battle of, 64–66, 75, 82, 120
Plato, 50
Pliny the Elder, 43, 69, 73, 74
Poland, 127, 177, 258–59, 261, 283, 328, 330; in World War I, 249, 251; in World War II, 54, 265, 266
police, 40, 58, 236, 260, 310; brutality of, 46–47; secret, 6, 270; world’s, see globocops
Polo, Marco, 170
Polybius, 37, 62
Polynesians, 149, 155, 162
Pompeii, 40, 73, 105
Pompey, Gnaeus, 47–49, 180
Pondicherry (India), 199
population densities, see crowding
Portugal, 219, 343; imperialism of, 163–64, 167, 178–79, 192–93, 201; oceangoing ships of, 179–82, 181, 196–97
posthumans, 387–88
Potosí (Bolivia), 195
Prato (Italy), 147
preemptive wars, 118–21, 244, 350, 353; nuclear, threat of, 362–63, 376
PricewaterhouseCoopers, 365
Princeton University Program on Science and Global Security, 373
Princip, Gavrilo, 236, 245
Priscus, 143
private wars, 138, 145, 146
productive wars, 80–81, 162–63, 267–68, 317, 322–24, 334, 391; in Africa, 152–54; ancient, 93, 98, 108–109, 111–13, 175, 336; Cold War as, 331; culminating points of, 116, 122, 126, 132, 209; cycles of unproductives wars and, 130, 132–34, 136, 141–42, 146, 149, 154, 164, 183, 192, 337; farming and caging and, 75, 80, 85, 87, 156, 159, 301; in Hawaii, 150–51; imperialism and reinvention of, 168, 183, 185, 201, 203, 225, 347; in Japan, 151–52; in Mesoamerica, 160–61; migration and spread of, 127–28, 152; of Native Americans, 161; revolutionizing of, see military affairs, revolutions in; 2; World War II as, 271, 273
pronoiai, 139
protohumans, 303, 306–13, 316–17, 382–83
proto-Pan, 301–305, 310
proxy wars, 269, 326, 327
Prussia, 114, 212, 215
Ptolemy VIII (Fatso), King of Egypt, 51–52
Puerto Rico, 219
Pulitzer Prize, 15
Punic Wars, 37, 104, 105, 122, 264
Puru, King, 107
Qaddafi, Muammar, 350
Qiang, 121–22, 128
Qin Empire, 105–106, 118
Qing dynasty, 183, 185, 227
Quebec, 195, 219
raids, 86, 90, 336; air, 270, 283, 371; on ancient empires, 34, 47, 98–101, 105, 119, 142; barbarian, 129, 133; by chimpanzees, 288, 291, 300–301, 318; in Middle Ages, 136, 175, 242; nomad, 119–21, 125–26; slave, in Africa, 204; in Stone Age societies, 7, 13, 56, 83–84; in Vietnam war, 282