The Wizards of Langley

by Jeffrey T Richelson

  ______. The Samson Option: Israel’s Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy. New York: Random House, 1991.

  Hulnick, Arthur S. Fixing the Spy Machine: Preparing American Intelligence for the Twenty-first Century. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1999.

  Johnson, Nicholas L. Soviet Military Strategy in Space. London: Jane’s, 1987.

  Kessler, Ronald. Spy vs. Spy: Stalking Soviet Spies in America. New York: Scribner’s, 1988.

  ______. Inside the CIA: Revealing the Secrets of the World’s Most Powerful Spy Agency. New York: Pocket Books, 1992.

  Killian, James R., Jr. Sputnik, Scientists, and Eisenhower: A Memoir of the First Special Assistant to the President for Science and Technology. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1982.

  Koehler, John O. STASI: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1998.

  Kornbluh, Peter. Nicaragua: The Price of Intervention, Reagan’s War Against the Sandinistas. Washington, D.C.: Institute for Policy Studies, 1987.

  Lewis, John Wilson, and Xue Litai. China Builds the Bomb. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1988.

  Lindsay, Robert. The Falcon and the Snowman: A True Story of Friendship and Espionage. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979.

  Marks, David, and Richard Kammann. The Psychology of the Psychic. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1980.

  Marks, John. The Search for the “Manchurian Candidate”: The CIA and Mind Control. New York: Norton, 1991.

  Martin, David C. Wilderness of Mirrors. New York: Harper & Row, 1980.

  Martin, Frederick Thomas Martin. Top-Secret Intranet: How U.S. Intelligence Built INTELINK– The World’s Largest, Most Secure Network. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice-Hall PTR, 1998.

  McDonald, Robert A. (ed.). CORONA: Between the Sun and the Earth, the First NRO Reconnaissance Eye in Space. Bethesda, Md.: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 1997.

  McElheny, Victor K. Insisting on the Impossible: The Life of Edwin Land, Inventor of Instant Photography. Reading, Mass.: Perseus Books, 1998.

  Melton, Keith. CIA Special Weapons and Equipment: Spy Devices of the Cold War. New York: Sterling Publishing, 1994.

  Mendez, Antonio, with Malcolm McConnell. The Master of Disguise: My Secret Life in the CIA. New York: Morrow, 1999.

  Miller, Jay. Lockheed U-2. Austin, Tex.: Aerofax, 1983.

  ______. Skunk Works: The Official History. North Branch, Minn.: Specialty Press, 1996.

  Mosley, Leonard. Dulles: A Biography of Eleanor, Allen, and John Foster and Their Family Network. New York: Dial Press, 1978.

  Mutza, Wayne. Lockheed P2V Neptune: An Illustrated History. Atglen, Pa.: Schiffer Military/Aviation History, 1996.

  Neff, Donald. Warriors for Jerusalem: The Six Days That Changed the Middle East. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984.

  Newhouse, John. War and Peace in the Nuclear Age. New York: Knopf, 1989.

  Norris, Robert S., Andrew S. Burrows, and Richard W. Fieldhouse. Nuclear Weapons Databook Volume V: British, French, and Chinese Nuclear Weapons. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1994.

  Peebles, Curtis. Guardians: Strategic Reconnaissance Satellites. Novato, Calif.: Presidio Press, 1987. Pelletier, Jean, and Claude Adams. The Canadian Caper. New York: William Morrow, 1981.

  Perisco, Joseph E. Piercing the Reich: The Penetration of Nazi Germany by American Secret Agents During World War II. New York: Ballantine Books, 1979.

  Pocock, Chris. Dragon Lady: The History of the U-2 Spyplane. Shrewsbury, England: Airlife, 1989.

  ______. The U-2 Spyplane: Toward the Unknown. Atglen, Pa.: Schiffer Books, 2000.

  Powers, Thomas. The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1979.

  Prados, John. The Soviet Estimate: U.S. Intelligence and Russian Military Strength. New York: Dial, 1982.

  ______. Presidents’ Secret Wars: CIA and Pentagon Covert Operations from World War II Through the Persian Gulf. Chicago: Elephant Paperbacks, 1996.

  Preston, Bob. Plowshares and Power: The Military Use of Civil Space. Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press, 1994.

  Ranelagh, John. The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA, from Wild Bill Donovan to William Casey. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986.

  Reade, David. The Age of Orion: Lockheed P-3, an Illustrated History. Atglen, Pa.: Schiffer Military/ Aviation History, 1998.

  Rich, Ben R., and Leo Janos. Skunk Works: A Personal Memoir of My Years at Lockheed. Boston: Little, Brown, 1994.

  Richelson, Jeffrey T. America’s Secret Eyes in Space: The U.S. KEYHOLE Spy Satellite Program. New York: Harper & Row, 1990.

  ______. America’s Space Sentinels: DSP Satellites and National Security. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999.

  Riste, Olav. The Norwegian Intelligence Service, 1945–1970. London: Frank Cass, 1999.

  Ross, Robert S. Negotiating Cooperation: The United States and China, 1969–1989. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995.

  Rostizke, Harry. KGB: The Eyes of Russia. New York: Doubleday, 1981.

  Schechter, Jerrold L., and Peter S. Deriabin. The Spy Who Saved the World: How a Soviet Colonel Changed the Course of the Cold War. New York: Scribner’s 1992.

  Schiff, Ze’ev. A History of the Israeli Army: 1874 to the Present. New York: Macmillan, 1985.

  Schnabel, Jim. Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America’s Psychic Spies. New York: Dell, 1997.

  Seaborg, Glenn T., with Benjamin S. Loeb. Stemming the Tide: Arms Control in the Johnson Years. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1986.

  Smith, Russell Jack. The Unknown CIA: My Three Decades with the Agency. New York: Berkley, 1992.

  Sontag, Sherry, and Christopher Drew, with Annette Lawrence Drew. Blind Man’s Bluff: The Untold Story of American Submarine Espionage. New York: Public Affairs, 1998.

  Stockwell, John. In Search of Enemies: A CIA Story. New York: Norton, 1978.

  Sullivan, William. Mission to Iran. New York: W. W. Norton, 1981.

  Tamnes, Rolf. The Cold War in the High North. Oslo: Ad Notam, 1991.

  Thomas, Evan. The Very Best Men: Four Who Dared: The Early Years of the CIA. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.

  Troy, Thomas F. Donovan and the CIA: A History of the Establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency. Frederick, Md.: University Publications of America, 1981.

  Tsipis, Kosta (ed.). Arms Control Verification: The Technologies That Make It Possible. New York: Pergamon-Brassey’s, 1985.

  Tully, Andrew. Inside the FBI. New York: Dell, 1987.

  Turner, Stansfield. Secrecy and Democracy: The CIA in Transition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985.

  Tyler, Patrick. A Great Wall: Six Presidents and China—An Investigative History. New York: Public Affairs, 1999.

  U.S. News and World Report. Triumph Without Victory: The Unreported History of the Persian Gulf War. New York: Times Books, 1992.

  Vance, Cyrus. Hard Choices: Critical Years in America’s Foreign Policy. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983.

  Varner, Roy, and Wayne Collier. A Matter of Risk: The Incredible Inside Story of the CIA’s Glomar Explorer Mission to Raise a Russian Submarine. New York: Random House, 1978.

  Waller, Doug. The Commandos: The Inside Story of America’s Secret Soldiers. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994.

  Westerfield, H. Bradford (ed.). Inside the CIA’s Private World: Declassified Articles from the Agency’s Internal Journal, 1955–1992. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.

  Wilson, Col. Charles P. Strategic and Tactical Aerial Reconnaissance in the Near East. Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1999.

  Woodward, Bob. VEIL: The Secret Wars of the CIA, 1981–1987. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987.

  ______. The Commanders. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991.

  Wyden, Peter. The Bay of Pigs: The Untold Story. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979.

  Ziegler, Charles A., and David Jacobson. Spying Without Spies: Origins of America’s Secr
et Nuclear Surveillance System. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995.

  Articles and Book Chapters

  Anderson, Jack. “CIA Eavesdrops on Kremlin Chiefs.” Washington Post, September 16, 1971, p. F7.

  ______. “Getting the Big Picture for the CIA.” Washington Post, November 28, 1982.

  Armstrong, Douglas G. “The Gulf War’s Patched-Together Air Intelligence.” Naval Institute Proceedings, November 1992, pp. 109–111.

  Bamford, James. “America’s Supersecret Eyes in Space.” New York Times Magazine, January 13, 1985, pp. 39ff.

  Barr, Stephen. “Monitoring Service Spared in Latest Crisis.” Washington Post, February 6, 1997, p. A21.

  Beecher, William. “Soviet Missile Deployment Puzzles Top U.S. Analysts.” New York Times, April 14, 1969.

  Bermudez, Joseph S., Jr. “North Korea Set for More Ballistic Missile Tests.” Jane’s Defence Weekly, October 23, 1996, p. 5.

  Boatman, John. “USA Planned Stealth UAV to Replace SR-71.” Jane’s Defence Weekly, December 17, 1994, pp. 1, 3.

  Boffey, Philip M. “U.S. Panel Calls the Disaster in the Ukraine the Worst Ever.” New York Times, May 4, 1986, pp. 1, 20.

  Bonavia, David. “Radar Post Leak May Be Warning to Soviet Union.” The Times (London), June 20, 1981, p. 5.

  Bowman, Tom, and Scott Shane. “Espionage from the Front Lines.” Baltimore Sun, December 8, 1995, pp. 1A, 20A–21A.

  Branigan, William. “Iran’s Airmen Keep U.S. Listening Posts Intact and Whirring.” Washington Post, May 20, 1979, p. A20.

  Broad, William J. “Russia Says U.S. Got Sub’s Atom Arms.” New York Times, June 20, 1993, p. 4.

  Brown, Stuart F. “The Eternal Airplane.” Popular Science, April 1994, pp. 70, 100.

  Brugioni, Dino, and Frederick J. Doyle. “Arthur C. Lundahl: Founder of the Image Exploitation Discipline.” In Robert A. McDonald (ed.), CORONA: Between the Sun and the Earth: The First NRO Reconnaissance Eye in Space. Bethesda, Md.: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 1997, pp. 159–168.

  Burrows, William E. “That New Black Magic.” Air and Space, December 1998/January 1999, pp. 29–35.

  Cannon, Carl M., and Mark Thompson. “Threat to Soviets Grows, U.S. Spy Photos Indicate.” Miami Herald, April 30, 1986, pp. 1A, 14A.

  “A Chinese Agent in the CIA?” Newsweek, December 2, 1985, p. 49.

  “Chinese Official Said Exposer of CIA Turncoat.” Washington Post, September 5, 1986, p. A18.

  “The CIA Blows an Asset.” Newsweek, September 3, 1984, pp. 48–49.

  “Costly Cuts?” Newsweek, November 25, 1996, p. 6.

  Covault, Craig. “Space Recon of Iraq Taxes CIA Operations.” Aviation Week and Space Technology, September 3, 1990, pp. 30–31.

  ______. “Advanced KH-11 Broadens U.S. Recon Capability.” Aviation Week and Space Technology, January 6, 1997, pp. 24–25.

  ______. “New Intelligence Ops Debut in Iraqi Strikes.” Aviation Week and Space Technology, December 21–28, 1998, pp. 124–125.

  Crosette, Barbara. “U.S. Seeks to Prove Mass Killings.” New York Times, August 11, 1995, p. A3.

  Day, Dwayne A. “A Failed Phoenix: The KH-6 LANYARD Reconnaissance Satellite.” Spaceflight 39, 5 (May 1997): 170–174.

  ______. “The Development and Improvement of the Corona Satellite.” In Dwayne A. Day, John Logsdon, and Brian Latell (eds.), Eye in the Sky: The Story of the CORONA Spy Satellites. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian, 1998, pp. 48–85.

  ______. “Listening from Above: The First Signals Intelligence Satellite.” Spaceflight, 41, 8 (August 1999): 339–346.

  Dobbs, Michael. “Deconstructing the Death Ray.” Washington Post, October 17, 1999, pp. F1, F4.

  Doel, Ronald E., and Allan A. Needell. “Science, Scientists, and the CIA: Balancing International Ideals, National Needs, and Professional Opportunities.” Intelligence and National Security 12, 1 (January 1997): 59–81.

  Eftimiades, Nicholas. “China’s Ministry of State Security: Coming of Age in the International Arena.” Intelligence and National Security 8, 1 (January 1993): 23–43.

  Engelberg, Stephen. “30 Years of Spying for China Is Charged.” New York Times, November 27, 1985, p. B8.

  ______. “U.S. Says Intelligence Units Did Not Detect the Accident.” New York Times, May 2, 1986, p. A9.

  “Final Launch Preparations Under Way for Signal Intelligence Satellite Mission.” Aviation Week and Space Technology, November 6, 1989, p. 24.

  Fulghum, David A. “Solar-Powered UAV to Fly at Edwards.” Aviation Week and Space Technology, October 4, 1993, p. 27.

  Fulghum, David A., and Robert A. Wall. “Long-Hidden Research Spawns Black UCAV.” Aviation Week and Space Technology, September 25, 2000, pp. 28–29.

  Gardner, Martin. “Claiborne Pell: The Senator from Outer Space.” Skeptical Inquirer 20, 2 (March/April 1996), pp. 12–15.

  ______. “Zero-Point Energy and Harold Puthoff.” Skeptical Inquirer, May/June 1998, pp. 13–15.

  ______. “Distant Healing and Elizabeth Targ.” Skeptical Inquirer, March/April 2001, pp. 12–14.

  Gelb, Leslie H. “Officials Say CIA Made Mines with Navy Help.” New York Times, June 1, 1984, p. A4.

  Gerstenzang, James. “Shuttle Lifts Off with Spy Cargo.” Los Angeles Times, January 25, 1985, pp. 1, 11.

  Gertz, Bill. “CIA Upset Because Perle Detailed Eavesdropping.” Washington Times, April 15, 1987, p. 2A.

  ______. “New Spy Satellite, Needed to Monitor Treaty, Sits on Ground.” Washington Times, October 20, 1987, p. A5.

  ______. “Libyans Stop Work on Chemical Plant.” Washington Times, June 24, 1996, p. A4.

  ______. “New Chinese Missiles Target All of East Asia.” Washington Times, July 10, 1997, pp. A1, A16.

  Gorin, Peter A. “ZENIT: The Response to CORONA.” In Dwayne A. Day, John Logsdon, and Brian Latell (eds.), Eye in the Sky: The Story of the CORONA Spy Satellites. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian, 1998, pp. 157–170.

  Grabo, Cynthia. “The Evolution of U.S. Strategic Warning.” International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 3, 3 (Fall 1989): 363–386.

  “The Great Submarine Snatch.” Time, March 31, 1975, pp. 20–27.

  Grose, Peter. “U.S. Intelligence Doubts First-Strike Goal.” New York Times, June 19, 1969.

  Gupta, V., and D. Rich. “Locating the Detonation of China’s First Nuclear Explosive Test on 16 October 1964.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 17, 10 (October 1996): 1969–1974.

  Gwertzman, Bernard. “Fire in Reactor May Be Out, New U.S. Pictures Indicate; Soviet Says Fallout Is Cut.” New York Times, May 2, 1986, pp. A1, A8.

  Hall, Cargill. “Post-War Strategic Reconnaissance and the Genesis of Corona.” In Dwayne A. Day, John Logsdon, and Brian Latell (eds.), Eye in the Sky: The Story of the CORONA Spy Satellites. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian, 1998, pp. 86–118.

  Harwood, William. “Titan Boosts Military Payload for Ninth Consecutive Success.” Space News, December 11–17, 1995, p. 26.

  Hersh, Seymour. “Human Error Is Cited in ’74 Glomar Failure.” New York Times, December 9, 1976, pp. 1, 55.

  ______. “The Wild East.” Atlantic Monthly, June 1994, pp. 61–86.

  Hiatt, Fred, and Joanne Omang. “CIA Helped to Mine Ports in Nicaragua.” Washington Post, April 7, 1984, p. 1.

  Hurt, Henry. “CIA in Crisis: The Kampiles Case.” Reader’s Digest, June 1979, pp. 65–72.

  Hyman, Ray. “Parapsychological Research: A Tutorial Review and Critical Appraisal.” Proceedings of the IEEE 74, 6 (June 1986): 823–849.

  ______. “Evaluation of the Military’s Twenty-Year Program on Psychic Spying.” Skeptical Inquirer, March/April 1996, pp. 24–26.

  “The Indian Connection.” India Today, December 31, 1983, p. 10.

  Inlow, Roland. “How the Cold War and Its Intelligence Problems Influenced CORONA Operations.” In Robert A. McDonald (ed.), CORONA: Between the Sun and the Earth: The First NRO Reconnaissance Eye in Space. Bethesda, Md.: American Society for Ph
otogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 1997, pp. 221–229.

  “Investigating the Paranormal.” Nature, October 18, 1974, pp. 559–560.

  Isbell, Doug, and Vincent Kiernan. “Long-Delayed Atlantis Flight Orbits Military Spy Satellite.” Space News, March 5–11, 1990, p. 12.

  Janesick, James, and Morley Blouke. “Introduction to Charge-Coupled Devices Imaging Sensors.” In Kosta Tsipis (ed.), Arms Control Verification: The Technologies That Make It Possible. New York: Pergamon-Brassey’s, 1985.

  ______. “Sky on a Chip: The Fabulous CCD.” Sky and Telescope, September 1987, pp. 238–242.

  Kenden, Anthony. “U.S. Reconnaissance Satellite Programmes.” Spaceflight, July 1978, pp. 243ff.

  Kiernan, Vincent. “NRO Streamlines to Cut Intelligence Bureaucracy.” Space News, December 7–13, 1992, pp. 1, 29.

  ______. “Titan 4 Launches Spy Satellite from Vandenberg AFB.” Space News, December 7–13, 1992, p. 26.

  King, Neil, Jr. “Small Start-Up Helps the CIA to Mask Its Moves on the Web.” Wall Street Journal, February 12, 2001.

  Klass, Philip. “U.S. Monitoring Capability Impaired.” Aviation Week and Space Technology, May 14, 1979.

  Kolcum, Edward H. “Night Launch of Discovery Boosts Secret Military Satellite into Orbit.” Aviation Week and Space Technology, November 27, 1989, p. 29.

  ______. “Atlantis Lofts AFP-731 Reconnaissance Satellite.” Aviation Week and Space Technology, March 5, 1990, p. 22.

  Kranish, Arthur. “CIA: Israel Has 10–20 Weapons.” Washington Post, March 15, 1976, p. A2.

  Kurtz, Howard. “Pollard: Top Israelis Backed Spy Ring.” Washington Post, February 28, 1987, p. A8.

  Lardner, George. “Spy Rings of One.” Washington Post Magazine, December 4, 1983, pp. 60–65.

  Leary, Warren E. “Problems Are Reported with New Spy Satellite.” New York Times, March 18, 1990, p. 20.

  ______. “Debris from Secret U.S. Satellite Is Burning Up in Fall from Space.” New York Times, March 22, 1990, p. A24.

  ______. “The Dream of Eternal Flight Begins to Take Wing.” New York Times, January 12, 1999, pp. D1, D6.

  Ledeen, Michael. “A Mole in Our Midst.” New York, October 2, 1978, pp. 55–57.

  Le Moyne, James. “The Secret War Boils Over.” Newsweek, April 11, 1983, pp. 46–50.