The Deluge
Page 76
and the League of Nations 262
Montagu-Chelmsford reforms 188–9, 210, 382, 383, 385
Muslim minority 181, 384–5, 390
National Congress see Indian National Congress
National Liberal League 386
nationalism 180–81, 182, 187, 382–90, 392; and Gandhi’s movement 385–90; and Home Rule/Swaraj 181, 182, 186, 187–9, 382, 385–90; mass movement threatening British rule 382–90; and non-violence 385
Reading’s offer of a Round Table 388–9
and Roy’s Third Worldism 414–15
and silver prices 355
trade balance 209–10
and Turkey 384–5, 390, 391
and the US 210
war services 390
wartime wholesale price dislocation 213
Indian National Congress 181, 186, 188, 383, 392
boycott of Prince of Wales’ visit 387–8
and Gandhi’s movement 385–6
Lucknow agreement 181, 188, 384, 391–2
inflation
American: inflation tax 216; inflation–deflation succession (1919–1920) 342–7
British 356–8
and the British Empire 374
French 355–6, 469
German 355, 371, 454; hyperinflation 443, 444–5, 454, 464
global 212–15, 355–8; and wholesale price dislocation 213–14
interwar hyperinflations 37, 212, 362; Germany 443, 444–5, 454, 464
Japanese 355, 363
Keynes on inflationism 356
Soviet 423
Inoue Junnosuke 499
Inter-Allied Conference (November 1917) 116, 197
Inter-Allied Supply Council 207
International Workers of the World (IWW) 340
internationalism
‘bourgeois’ 243
and France 457
Germany’s Atlanticist internationalism 221–2
Great Depression and the tragedy of 487–507
and the Hague Treaties 267
Soviet line of 433–4
Wilsonian 16, 27, 119, 241, 244
without sanctions 517
IRA (Irish Republican Army) 376
Iran 419
Iraq 380–81
Anglo-Iraq Treaty 381
British Mandate 364
independence 381
Ireland
conscription in 192, 193
Council of Ireland 376
Dail Eirann 376
deteriorating situation at end of War 227, 375–6; civil war within the South 377; guerrilla war 376
Easter uprising, Dublin 79, 180, 376
Home Rule 179–80, 190–93, 376
and imperial catastrophe 375–7
IRA 376
Irish Free State 376–7, 394
Irish Parliamentary Party 179, 180
and Lloyd George see Lloyd George, David, Ist Earl: and Ireland
martial law 376
partitioning 376–7
Sinn Fein see Sinn Fein
Unionists 79, 179–80, 191, 376
and the US 190–93, 377
Irish Republican Army (IRA) 376
Ishii Kikujiro, Viscount 103
Islam
Britain seen as ‘arch enemy’ of 384
Indian Muslim minority 181, 384–5, 390
Khilafat movement 384, 416
Muslim League 188; Lucknow agreement 181, 188, 384, 391–2
Roy’s Islamic army 416, 418
Soviet attempt to radicalize Asian Muslims 415
isolationism, US 348, 505, 517
Istanbul/Constantinople 381, 390, 437
Italian front 11
Italy
1915–1919 politics and the war effort 176–8
1917 Austro-German advance 82
1918 summer offensive 306
Biennio Rosso 356
bread subsidy 361
British and French support for democratic interventionists 307–8
Caporetto disaster 82, 174, 176
coal 74, 310
constitutionalism 41
and the Corfu crisis 446–7
democratic interventionists 307–8
economy: deflation 502; and the gold standard 502; the lire 355, 466–7; stabilization 360, 362; wartime wholesale price dislocation 213 see also Italy: public debt
Fascio for National Defence 178, 311
fascism see fascism: Italian
and Fiume 308, 310, 311
and France see France/the French: and Italy
and Germany: 1917 Austro-German advance 82; and fascism 494; and the German U-boat campaign 74; Mussolini and Hitler 305–6; reparations 298
Giolitti government 361
grain imports 310
imperialism 22
Inter-Allied Conference (November 1917) 197
Italian Army 82, 306; Servizio P 177
labour unrest 247, 361
London Treaty 116, 176, 177, 178, 306–7, 308, 310
nationalism 306, 308
Popular Catholic Party 312
post-war sense of second-class status 6
power vacuum in Rome 433
progressives 177
public debt 249; to US 298, 302, 466–7, 468, 498
and self-determination 177
siding with Entente 33, 116, 176
Socialist Party (PSI) 176, 177, 241, 311, 409, 418
unification in nineteenth century 5
and the US 177, 312; balance of payments 12; Hoover moratorium 498; and Italian Fascists 7; US private long-term investment (December 1930) 476; war debts 298, 302, 466–7, 468, 498; and Wilson 307, 308–10
and Versailles 255, 308–11
working class militancy 246, 247
and Yugoslavia 178
Ittihadists 147
IWW (International Workers of the World) 340
J. P. Morgan (banking house) 37, 45, 51, 52–3, 206, 366, 372
Anglo-French bond issue 51, 52–3
and China 105
and France 440, 457–9, 467
Goldmarks loan 461
and Japan 12, 105, 467, 487
Japan
1919 elections 94
and Australia 325
Bank of Japan 361, 467
and Britain 20, 25, 92, 323; Anglo-Japanese alliance 94, 95, 322, 325, 395–6, 400; escape from British tutelage 363; and Japanese relations with US 322, 395–6, 397–400, 401–2; multilateral trade underwritten by Britain 503; and the Washington Conference 397–400, 401–2
and China 89, 91–4, 96–8, 99–106, 484–5; 21 Points 93, 95, 96, 100, 327; and China’s demand for international respect 99; collaboration proposal after Bolshevik seizure of power 143–4; Japan’s divide and rule tactics 95, 100; loan offer to China 99, 100; and the Shandong problem see Shandong, Japanese occupation and claims; staged crisis of 1931 499–500; and the US 93, 96, 99–106, 144, 259, 322–3, 328; and Versailles 321–3, 326–9; and the Washington Conference 402–7
Constitutional People’s Government Party (Minseito) 485–6
constitutionalism 41, 485–6
declaration and entry of war 92, 95
democracy 25, 96, 259; birth of Taisho democracy era 355
Doshikai party 94
earthquake (1923) 467
economy: balance of payments 12, 96, 97, 364; deflation 358, 363–4, 397, 499; GDP of Japanese empire 13; and the gold standard 94, 467, 486, 487, 502, 504; inflation 355, 363;
‘national humiliation loan’ 467; and regional hegemony 363; stabilization 360, 361–2; stock market crash 358; stock market support 361–2; wartime wholesale price dislocation 214; the yen 3
55, 358, 467
end of party government 511
and the Entente: loans to Entente 96, 97, 105; after Russia’s separate peace at Brest 143; siding with Entente 33, 92
entry to international loan consortium 322
and France 323, 325, 327
franchise 259, 324, 356
and the Genoa Conference 431
and the Great Depression 499–500, 501–2
Hamaguchi government 490
Hara Takehashi influence 96, 104, 105, 144, 146, 258, 321, 324, 356, 362, 363
Imperial Silk Filiature company 361
imperialism 16, 22, 258, 515
industrialism 364
Japanese Army 499
Japanese Navy 323, 484; and the London Conference 490–91, 493, 499; and the Washington Conference 11, 397–400, 401
Kasumigaseki diplomacy 25
and Kellogg-Briand 485
Kenseikai Party 364
Kokuminto Party 364
and Korea 92
and the League of Nations 324–6, 329, 499
and Manchuria 22, 93, 96, 322, 403, 484–5, 499–500; Manchurian army 403, 485
militarism: exchanged for industrialism 364; military leadership checked by parliamentary politics 25; military spending 355, 502, 514
military police 356
nationalism 143, 259, 324, 329–30, 485, 499–500
nexus between domestic and foreign policy 25
popular agitation waves from 1905 94–5
as pupil of the ‘Dark Continent’ 17
railways 355
rearmament drive 513
rice riots 212, 258, 324
and Russia/USSR 146; Portsmouth Treaty 408; Russo-Japanese War 55, 408; Soviet alarm at Japanese relations with Western Powers 475; and the US 141, 144–5, 408
Seiyukai Party 96, 105, 144, 355, 363, 399, 467, 485, 491, 511
and Shandong see Shandong, Japanese occupation and claims
and Siberia 143, 146, 170, 321, 355, 363
and the strategic uncertainty of the late 1920s 484–6
strikes 356
Taisho era 25, 94, 355, 399, 491
Terauchi government 95–6, 99–100, 143, 144, 146, 212, 258, 323
Trade Union Congress 356
and the US: American capitalist democracy 7; and Britain 322, 395–6, 397–400, 401–2; and Hara Takashi 144, 258; Hoover moratorium 498; and Japanese relations with China 93, 96, 99–106, 144, 259, 322–3, 328; ‘national humiliation loan’ 467; Portsmouth Treaty arbitration 408; reactions to 21 Points 93, 96; and the Russian revolution 141, 144–5; strategic modus vivendi 25; and the Terauchi government 95–6, 99–100, 146, 323; US perception of Japanese history 17; US private long-term investment (December 1930) 476; and the Versailles conference 258–9, 325–6, 327; and the Washington Conference 11, 397–400, 401–2; and Wilson’s 14 Points manifesto 143, 144, 145
and Versailles see Versailles/Paris peace conferences and Treaty: and Japan
and the Washington Conference 11, 397–400, 402–7
and Wilson’s slogan 233
and the world economy 25, 358
Jefferson, Thomas 14
Jellicoe, John 394
Jenks, Jeremiah 105
Jews
American 43
anti-Semitism see anti-Semitism
and the Balfour Declaration 196
and Ludendorff 135
Polish 135
Russian 69
Wilhelm II on Bolsheviks and world Jewry 134
Zionism 194–6, 380
Joffe, Adolphe 421, 434
Sun-Joffe Declaration 478
Jordan, Sir John 322
Jutland, battle of 35
Kabul 416
Kant, Immanuel 221
Kapp, Wolfgang 318–19
Karakhan, Lev 331
Karolyi, Mihaly 409–10
Kasumigaseki diplomacy 25
Katamaya, Sen 421
Kato- Kanji 399, 491
Kato Takaaki 92, 94, 95, 96
Kato Tomosaburo- 398
Kautsky, Karl 237, 242
Kellogg, Frank B. 458
Kellogg-Briand Pact 472–3, 484, 485
Kenya
Indian settlement exclusions 393
White solidarity 392, 393
Kerensky, Alexander Fyodorovich 71, 81, 83, 121, 158
Kerensky offensive 40, 86
Keynes, John Maynard 207, 208, 229, 282, 295–6, 465
The Economic Consequences of the Peace 295–8, 299, 300, 314
on inflationism 356
and Lloyd George 296
opposition to British dependence on the US 296
‘real liberalism’ 501
and Versailles 271, 295–301
and war reparations: deleverage 349, 366; Entente war debts 298–303; German 250, 295–8, 300, 314, 370–71
and Wilson 296–7
Khilafat movement 384, 416
Klotz, Louis-Lucien 251
Kolchak, Alexander Vasilyevich 234–5, 410, 411
Kollontai, Alexandra 83, 137
Koo, Wellington 103, 323, 328, 402, 404, 405, 406
Korea 92, 93, 233
Kornilov, Lavr 82, 83
KPD (Communist Party of Germany) 238, 319, 320
Kreditanstalt, Vienna 495
Kronstadt rebellion 422–3
Krupp 152
Ku Klux Klan 339, 347
Kühlmann, Richard von
Bad Homburg conference 133, 134–5
and Brest-Litovsk 108, 112, 114, 116–17, 118, 124, 130
contradiction of Kaiser, and end of career 162, 163
against intervention in Russia 153–4, 161
liberal imperialism of 108
Kun, Bela 410
Kuomintang see Guomindang/Kuomintang, China
Kurdistan 233
Kurds 381, 415
Kwantung army 499
labour movement
American 43, 340–42
Asian 246
British 56, 76, 192, 240, 241, 244
and deflation 362
European 243, 244
German 319, 371
Labour Party, Britain see under Britain and the United Kingdom
Lahore 383
laissez-faire liberalism 300
Lamont, Thomas W. 293–4, 301, 405
Landsberg, Otto 312
Lansing, Robert 49, 57, 59, 65, 66, 67, 69
and China 91, 92, 99, 102, 105, 106
and the Czech Army 158
divisions with Wilson exposed 334
and Japan 103, 327
and Lenin’s regime 121, 144
and the Siberian intervention 158
Larnaude, Ferdinand 261, 267, 268
Latin America 353–4
Latvia 138–9
Bolshevik Latvian regiments 161
declaration as a republic 232
Latvian population of Courland 113
Lausanne, Treaty of 438, 446
Lausanne Conference (1932) 504, 506
Law, Andrew Bonar 248, 439
law
domestic notions of 9
international 9
Lawrence, T. E. 380
League of Nations 4, 221–2, 231, 395, 470, 515–16
and the armistice 220, 222–3, 228
and the Berne conference 243
and Britain 258, 259–61, 262–3, 264–5, 266, 267, 268–70, 271, 455, 470
and China 261, 328, 330
and the Corfu crisis 447
Covenant drafting 255–6, 259–67, 271, 392
and Danzig 282
and democr
acy 243, 258
and disarmament 264–5
enforcement mechanisms 264–7
and fears of an Anglo-American condominium 257–8
and France 257–8, 261, 262, 263, 264–5, 266–8, 271, 277, 287, 325–6, 470, 492–3
and freedom of the seas 268–70
Geneva Protocols 470–71
and Germany 313, 315–16; disarmament talks withdrawal by Hitler 506
and the Hague Peace Arbitration Treaties 267
and human equality 324–5
and Japan 324–6, 329, 499
proposal as vehicle of international financial settlement 268
and racial non-discrimination 392
Saint-Germain Treaty and the League Covenant 330
and Silesia 286
and the US see United States of America: and the League of Nations
Versailles and the League Covenant 255–6, 259–70, 271, 324–6, 335
and Wilson 16, 53, 54, 222–3, 243, 255–6, 259–63, 264, 266, 269–70, 277, 325, 326, 337, 516
League to Enforce Peace 45
Lebanon 193
Leffingwell, Russell C. 301, 345
Left Socialist Revolutionaries, Russia 86, 110–11, 118, 138, 157, 167
Ambassador Mirbach and the uprising of 164–5
Legien, Carl 313
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich 10, 50, 71–2, 79–80, 83, 413, 418
at All-Russian congress (1918) 138, 141
April theses 71–2
and Asia 414–15
assassination attempt (August 1918) 168
balancing of imperialist powers strategy 151, 152, 153, 157, 234, 418
and the Bolshevik surrender 132, 136
Brest-Litovsk peace agreement see Brest-Litovsk Treaty
and the ‘class struggle’ 128–9
class terror 242
and the Comintern 413, 414–15
as critic of revolutionary defensists 71–2, 110
death 233
Declaration of Rights 114
drive for one-party dictatorship 137–8
economic cooperation proposal with, and shift towards, Germany 151–2, 156–7, 159, 164, 166, 170, 200
economic cooperation proposal with the US (May 1918) 153
Entente relations after the armistice: conciliation concerns 236; and the Princes’ Islands conference proposal 236
at Fourth All-Russian congress 138, 164
‘Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism’ 50
and Japan 146
and Keynes 295
‘Land, Bread and Peace’ slogan 86
martial law declaration (May 1918) 157
and mass terror 165
misreading of logic of war 142
New Economic Policy 423, 424, 435, 483
October Revolution 83–6
peace demands 24, 132, 133